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Exam 5, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - gametophyte
        
        flat or leafy
        
        no vascular tissue
        
        unicellular rhizoid
        
        Antheridiophore
        
        contains antheridia
        
        mitosis occurs
        
        produce sperm
        
        muticellular sex separated
        
        spores
        
        divide mitotically
      - Sporophyte
        
        mitosis of embryo
        
        sporocytes divide
        
        spored disperese
    - - regulated to underfoot
      - lack of vascular tissue
      - multicellular rhizoids
      - stomata on sporophytes
    - - pteridophyta
      - sister taxa
  - - - paradermal peel
        
        Pothos
        
        low-maintenance
        
        perennial
        
        Broadleaf
    - - epidermal peel
        
        lower
        
        upper
        
        see stomatal patterns
      - determin stomal density
  - - - Parenchyma,
        
        Parenchyma
    - - Parenchyma, hydroid
        
        Parenchyma, leptoid
    - - Tracheid,vesselelement
        
        sieve cell, Albuminous cell
        
        Sclerenchyma, fiber
    - - Tracheid
        
        Sieve cell, Albuminous cell
        
        Sclerenchyma, fiber
    - - Tracheid, VE, Sclerenchyma
        
        SE, Companion cell
        
        Sclerenchyma, fiber
    - - Tracheid,VE, Sclerenchyma
        
        SE, companion cell
        
        Sclerenchyma, fiber
    - - Major impact
        
        Increased stature
        
        Photosynthetic output
        
        colonize
      - Functions
        
        Deliver resources
        
        Mechanical support
        
        communication
    - - Large
      - Central vacuole
      - thin cell wall cell wall
      - 20-sided
      - intercellular air spaces
    - - tracheid similar
      - lack ligin
      - lack helices
    - - food-conducting
      - simple parenchyma
      - Phloem similar
      - elongate shape
  - - - vascular cambium
        
        embryonic
        
        produce tissues
      - cork cambium
    - - Wood
    - - undifferentiated
        
        between xylem & phloem
    - - Tissues outside vascular cambium
        
        phloem
        
        cortex
        
        periderm
    - - Heartwood
        
        Sounds deeper
        
        tougher
        
        smells less fresh
      - Sapwood
        
        Sounds dense
        
        softer
        
        Smells fresh
    - - Hardwood
        
        flowering trees
        
        furniture
        
        Longitudinal/Radial
        
        Tangential
        
        Cross/ Transverese
      - Softwood
        
        conifers
        
        construction lumber
- - - - Objective lens
      - eyepiece
      - iris diaphragm
      - Binocular tube
      - Mechanical stage knob
      - Neck
      - Coarse adjustment knob
      - stage
      - power switch
      - base
      - revolving nose piece
      - Brightness control
      - stage clamps
      - Fine adjustment knob
      - 1mm=100 microns
      - d1m1=d2m2
      - D= diameter
      - M= magnification
    - - room or cell
    - - nonliving tissue
    - - wet-mount
      - living cells
    - - middle lamella
        
        cell membrane
    - - membrane bound
      - within cytosol
      - Nucleus
        
        control center
        
        Within cytoplasm
      - nucleolus
        
        dense clusters
        
        RNA
        
        within nucleus
      - Vacuole
        
        storage
      - Cytoplasm
        
        cell wall
    - - double membrane
      - stromal fluid
        
        synthesis
        
        storage
        
        lipids
        
        amino acids
        
        sugars
        
        iron
        
        pigments
    - - storage plastid
      - amyoplasts
        
        stored starch
        
        fill stomata
    - - chlorophyll pigments
      - photosynthesis
      - large
  - - - starting point
      - photosynthesis
      - in cytoplasm
      - polysaccharide
    - - Benedicts reagent
        
        reducing sugars
        
        free aldehyde
        
        reactive sugar
        
        change color
  - - - statement
      - clear
      - variables
      - testable
      - Null
      - alternative
    - - from sun
      - carbohydrates
      - 3CO2 + 6H2O + 343 kilocalories C3H6O3 + 3O2 + 3H2O
      - carbon dioxide + water + light energy yields PGAL + oxygen + water
    - - light split water
      - energize electrons
      - ATP captured
      - release oxygen
        
        photosynthetic rate
        
        light qualitity
      - Absorption spectra
      - leaf tissue
        
        air spaces
        
        gas filled
        
        leaf disk sink
        
        replacing gas
    - - excited electrons
        
        not picked up
    - - independent variable
      - Dependent variable
      - graph
      - label
      - line graph
      - bar graph
      - scatterplot
- - - - physiologically stressful
    - - Land plants
      - stem/root undergo mitosis
      - Root apical meristem
        
        water & mineral uptake
        
        Root hairs
        
        elongated
        
        Thin walled
        
        delicate
    - - Primary tissues
        
        Rootcap
        
        sacrificial
        
        protective
        
        endodermis
        
        filter
        
        pericycle
        
        meristematic tissue
      - Monocotyledonae root cross section
      - Eudicotyledonae root cross section
      - Lateral root growth
  - - - Water passes through endodermis
      - water pulled up stem
      - water evaporates
      - water potential gradient
      - water enters through root hairs
    - - shape depend on growth enviornment
    - - water movement
        
        soil to atmosphere
      - measure how much by weighing
  - - - Pine
        
        Male Pine cone
        
        Pine pollen
        
        Female Cone
        
        Pine ovule
        
        Pine female ovule
    - - Dominant today
        
        Anther cross
        
        Mature Microgametophyte
        
        Lilium Ovule
- - - - Lower, outermost of 4 floral appendages
    - - Flower stalk
    - - sporophyte& Gametophyte
    - - Gametes fusing
    - - Fertilized egg
    - - Most common asexual
    - - Sepals together
    - - Catches pollen grains
    - - Elevates the stigma
    - - Where megaspores are produced
    - - Ovule developed seed
      - Surrounding developed fruits
      - No fertilization
        
        Parthenocarpy
      - Plants propgated/No seed
        
        Cloning
        
        grafting
        
        vegetative cuttings
        
        tissue culture
      - Multiple fruits
        
        gynoecia of more than one flower
        
        Pineapple & Mulberry
      - Aggregate fruits
        
        seperate carplels, single gynoecium
        
        raspberry, strawberry, and magnolias
      - Simple fruits
        
        from one carpel
        
        Dry fruits
        
        Dehiscent fruits
        
        Follicles
        
        milkweeds
        
        Legumes
        
        beans
        
        siliques
        
        cabbage
        
        capsules
        
        okra
        
        Indehiscent fruits
        
        Achenes
        
        Buttercup
        
        Samaras
        
        ashes
        
        Caryopsis
        
        Rice
        
        Cypsela
        
        Dandelion
        
        Nuts
        
        acorns
        
        Schizocarps
        
        maples
    - - 1.a Fruits fleshy
        
        1b. Fruits Dry
        
        6a. not splitting
        
        7a. with wing.....SAMARAS
        
        7b. Without a wing
        
        8a. hard shell....NUTS
        
        8b. without hard shell
        
        9a.wall fused....GRAINS
        
        9b.Wall loose....ACHENES
        
        6b. splitting
        
        10a. splitting between carpel.....CAPSULES
        
        10b. splitting lengthwise
        
        11a. Fruits leaving......SILIQUES
        
        11b. Fruits not leaving
        
        12a. splitting one edge.....FOLLICLES
        
        12b. splitting both edges.....LEGUMES
      - 2a. fruits simple
        
        3a. sing seed enclosed.......DRUPES
        
        3b. Fruits with more than 1 seed
        
        4a. Thin or leathery skin......BERRIES
        
        4b. Papery endocarps.....POMES
      - 2b. More than 1 carpel
        
        5a. single flower.....AGGEGATE
        
        5b. several flowers......MULTIPLE
  - - - genotypes
        
        Parent 1: PP
        
        Parent 2:pp
        
        Punnet square
        
        Genotypic ratio: all Pp
        
        Phenotypic ratio: all purple
      - Gamete
        
        Parent 1: P or P
        
        Parent 2: p or p
      - F2
        
        genotype
        
        Parent 1: Pp
        
        Punnet Square
        
        Genotypic ratio: 1PP: 2Pp:1pp
        
        Phenotypic ratio: 3purple: 1yellow
        
        Parent 2: Pp
        
        Gamete
        
        Parent 1: Por p
        
        Parent 2: P or p
      - NEXT
        
        Chi-Squared test
        
        Mendelian genetics
        
        𝛘2=⅀[(O-E)2/E]
      - Statistical analysis
  - - - p= dominant allele
        
        p=1-q
      - q= recessive allele
        
        q= num(heterozy) + 2 *num (homozy)Rec
        ----------------------------------------------------------- 2n
      - p + q = 1
    - - each one has 2 versions
        
        1 father | 1 mother
    - - No new mutation
        
        No DNA change
        
        EX: Disease resistance
      - No Genetic drift
        
        Large population required
        
        EX: Founder effect
      - No Migration
        
        No gene flow
        
        EX: Hybrid zones
      - No natural selection
        
        Equal reproductive success
        
        EX: Pest resistance
      - Random mating
        
        No mate choice
        
        EX: self-population
    - - stabilizing selection
        
        Favors average
      - Directional selection
        
        Favors extreme
      - Disruptive selection
        
        Favors extremes
    - - 1 Simulations
        
        2 mutate simulations
        
        record data
        
        Line graph