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Lab Final - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Vascular cambium
        
        The vascular cambium is a layer of undifferentiated, meristematic cells between the xylem and phloem, which adds new secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside each growing season
    - - Bark includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium: phloem, cortex, and periderm
- - - - water and minerals are absorbed from the environment through capillary action and at a smaller scale through osmosis, diffusion and facilitated transport.
        
        Once internal, small ions, photosynthate and water might pass symplastically from cell to cell through the plasmodesmata
        
        Hydroids
        
        The progression in water-conducting parenchyma cells started with simple water-conducting cells, more specialized hyrdroids to true tracheids and vessel elements.
        
        Leptoids
        
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- - - - Principle of independent assortment. Genes located on different chromosomes will be inherited independently
        
        Phenotypic ratio:
        
        Genotypic ratio:
- - - - The Nucleus, Nucleolus and Vacuole
        
        Plastids
- - - - Thylakoid reactions of photosynthesis
- - - - male antheridiophore
        
        antheridia
      - female archegoniophore
        
        archegonium
    - - The embryo undergoes mitosis to form the sporophyte that is completely dependent on the gametophyte.
        
        Within the sporophyte, sporocytes divide by meiosis to produce spores.
        
        The spores disperse and germinate in moist environments, dividing mitotically to form a mature gametophyte.
        
        And the process repeats.
- - - - It is not until later in the evolution of land plants that the plant growth plan became indeterminate. Thus multicellular apical meristems at stem and root tips continually undergo mitosis.
        
        Some of the resulting cells remain meristematic, but others differentiate into three transition tissues: protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem.
        
        These transition tissues eventually differentiate into three mature primary tissues; protoderm differentiates into epidermis; procambium differentiates into the vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), and ground meristem differentiates into ground tissue.
        
        Shoot apical meristem
        
        Root apical meristem
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Opening the stomata allows water to exit, but if water moves out too rapidly or too much water is lost, the plant can suffer water stress, wilt, and die. If stomata close to reduce water loss, however, then the internal oxygen levels become too high and carbon dioxide levels become too low resulting in photorespiration
- - - - Angiosperms
        
        The angiosperms are the dominant form of plant today, representing ~80% of extant green plants.
        
        One of the transitions from gymnosperms, giving angiosperms its title, is the enclosure of the ovule within an ovary, which itself is usually surrounded by floral tissue.
        
        The angiosperms can be subdivided into Basal Angiosperms, Monocotyledonae and Eudicotyledonae.
      - Gymnosperms
        
        The male is referred to as the microsporophyll and the female as the megasporophyll
        
        The sporangium is a sac like structure adhered to the sporophyll. The microsporangium is underneath the microsporophyll.
        
        Within the microsporangium, microspores develop into microgametophytes aka pollen grains.
        
        The microgametophyte is not mature until it starts to germinate and form sperm nuclei.
- - - - FRUIT STRUCTURE
        
        Aggregate fruits
        
        simple fruit
        
        Multiple fruits
        
        FRUIT FUNCTION