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(Essential Orthopaedics J. Maheshwari, Orthopaedic Rehabilitation S. Brent…

- - - - 20.Injuries Around the Knee
        
        • Fractures of the patella
        
        • Injury to the ligaments of the knee
        
        • Tibial plateau fractures
        
        • Meniscal injuries of the knee
        
        • Rare injuries around the knee
        
        • Condylar fractures of the femur
        
        • Mechanism of knee injuries
- - - - Congenital Disorders of the Neck and Upper Limb
      - Congenital Torticollis (Wry Neck)
      - Congenital Elevation of Scapula
      - Sprengel’s Deformity
      - Cleidocranial Dysostosis
      - Elbow Region
      - Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis
      - Congenital Disorders of Lower Limbs
      - Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH)
      - Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV)
      - Foot
      - Retention of CTEV Correction
      - Congenital Absence of Radius
      - Radial Club-Hand
      - Congenital Absence of Fibula
      - Congenital Absence of Tibia
    - - Achondroplasia
      - Osteopetrosis
      - Epiphyseal Dysplasias
      - Metaphyseal Dysplasias
      - Diaphyseal Dysplasia
      - Fibrous Dysplasia
      - Albright’s Syndrome
      - Nail-Patella Syndrome (Onycho-Osteodysplasia)
      - Marfan’s Syndrome
      - Homocystinuria
      - Congenital Neurofibromatosis
      - Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
    - - Rickets
      - Nutritional Rickets
      - Renal Osteodystrophy
      - Vitamin D Resistant Rickets
      - Osteomalacia
      - Hyperparathyroidism
      - Osteoporosis
      - Scurvy
    - - Acute Osteomyelitis
      - Chronic Osteomyelitis
      - Tubercular Osteomyelitis
    - - History
      - Tuberculosis of Spine (Known after Sir Percival Pott)
      - TB Spine with Paraplegia
      - Tuberculosis of the Hip Joint
      - Tuberculosis Knee
      - Tuberculosis Shoulder
      - Tuberculosis of Ankle
      - Tubercular Osteomyelitis
    - - Arthritis
      - Infective Arthritis
      - Pyogenic Infection of Joint or Septic Arthritis
      - Gonococcal Arthritis
      - Syphilis of Joints
      - Neuropathic Joints (Charcot’s)
      - Hemophilic Arthritis (Bleeder’s Joints)
    - - Rheumatoid Arthritis
      - Orthopedic Deformities in Rheumatoid Arthritis
      - Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
      - Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)
      - Muscular Dystrophies
      - Spina Bifida
      - Spina Bifida Occulta
      - Spina Bifida Aperta
    - - General Principles of Tumors
      - Bone Tumors of Cartilaginous Origin
      - Osteochondroma
      - Chondroma (Enchondroma, Chondromyxoma)
      - Chondroblastoma
      - Chondrosarcoma
      - Osseous Origin Bone Tumors
      - Osteoma
      - Osteoid Osteoma
      - Osteogenic Sarcoma
      - Resorptive Bone Tumors
      - Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
      - Unicameral Bone Cyst
      - Benign Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
      - Tumors of Non-Osseous Origin
      - Ewing’s Sarcoma
      - Multiple Myeloma (Plasmacytoma)
      - Metastatic Tumors of Bones
      - Inclusion Tumors
      - Synovioma (Synovial Sarcoma)
    - - Primary Osteoarthritis of the Knee
      - Secondary Osteoarthritis of Knee
      - Osteoarthritis Hip
      - Primary Osteoarthritis of Hip
      - Secondary Osteoarthritis of Hip
      - Crystalline Arthropathies
      - Monosodium Urate Arthropathy (Gout)
      - Pseudogout (CPPD)
    - - Cerebral Palsy
      - Poliomyelitis
      - Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC)
      - Leprosy in Orthopedics
  - - - Diagnosis in Orthopaedics
      - Examination
      - Step I
      - Step II
      - Step III
      - Step IV
      - Cardiopulmonary Conditioning (CPC)
      - Role of Physical Agents in Physiotherapy
      - Heat Therapy
      - Superficial Heating Agents
      - Deep Heating Agents
      - Cold Therapy
      - Hydrotherapy
      - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
      - Massage
      - Assistive Devices
      - Role of Braces and Splints
      - Role of Traction
      - Ambulation After a Lower Limb Fracture
      - Therapeutic Exercises
      - Basic Principles
      - Comprehensive Exercise Program
    - - The Bone Speaks
      - Types of Bones
      - About Joints
      - Types of Synovial Joints
    - - Mechanism of Injury
      - Approach to a Patient with Soft Tissue Injury
      - Injuries to the Joints
      - Ligament Injury
      - Injury to the Synovium
      - Chronic Synovitis
      - Injury to the Bursa
      - Tenosynovitis
      - Tenovaginitis
      - Special Types of Muscle Injuries
      - Fibromyalgia
      - Important Soft Tissue Problems
    - - Definitions
      - Types of Fracture
      - Displacement of Fractures
      - Approach to Orthopedic Injury
      - Deformities
      - Investigations in Orthotrauma
      - Management of Fractures
      - Open Fractures
      - Classification (Gustillo and Anderson's Classification)
      - Approach in Compound Fractures
      - Other Forms of Fracture Immobilization
      - Dislocations
      - Fracture Healing
      - Methods of Fracture Healing
    - - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
      - Volkmann’s Ischemia or Compartmental Syndromes
      - Compartmental Syndrome of Forearm
      - Nonunion
      - Avascular Necrosis (AVN)
      - Traumatic Myositis Ossificans
      - Malunion
      - Other Important Complications of Fractures
      - Injury to Blood Vessels
      - Injury to Nerves
    - - History of Fracture Treatment: Then
      - The Plaster Bandages
      - Traction
      - functional braces
      - Open Fractures
      - Early Fracture Surgery
      - External Fixation
      - Intramedullary Fixation
      - AO Group
      - Fracture Treatment: Now
      - Methods of Fracture Treatment
      - Splints, Traction and Implants
      - All you wanted to know about Plaster of Paris Splint
      - Functional Cast Brace
      - Important Splints in Orthopedics Other than POP
      - Traction in Orthopedics
      - Implants
      - Types of Implants
      - Plates
      - Types of Plates
      - AO Plates
      - Dynamic Compression Plates (DCP)
      - Intramedullary Nail
      - Types of Intramedullary Nails
      - Recent Advances in Fracture Treatment
      - Interlocking Nails
      - Improvements in External Fixation
      - Future
    - - Definition
      - Goals of First Aid Treatment
      - Initial Care of the Injured
      - Modus Operandi in First Aid
      - Airway
      - Cardia
      - Bleeding
      - Examine the Vital Structures
      - Management at the Hospital
  - - - Fracture Clavicle
      - Injuries of the Acromioclavicular Joint
      - Fracture of the Scapula
      - Proximal Humeral Fractures
      - Fracture of Greater Tuberosity of Humerus
      - Anterior Dislocation of Shoulder (ADS)
      - Recurrent Dislocation of the Shoulder (RDS)
    - - Injuries Around the Elbow
      - Supracondylar Fracture
      - Flexion Type of Supracondylar Fracture
      - Intercondylar Fractures of the Humerus
      - Physeal Fractures
      - Posterior Dislocation of Elbow Joint
      - Side Swipe Injuries
      - Radial Head Fracture
      - Fracture of the Olecranon
      - Fracture of the Capitulum
      - Fracture Shaft Humerus
    - - Fractures of the Forearm Bones
      - Fracture Both Bones of Forearm
      - Monteggia Fracture
      - Galeazzi Fracture
      - Essex-Lopresti Fracture
      - Colles’ Fracture
      - Metacarpal Fractures
      - Fractures of the Phalanx
      - Special Phalangeal Fractures
      - Scaphoid Fracture
    - - Fracture Neck Femur
      - Complications of Femoral Neck Fracture
      - Avascular Necrosis
      - Subtrochanteric Fracture
      - Intertrochanteric Fracture
      - Dislocation and Fracture Dislocation of the Hip
      - Posterior Dislocation of Hip Joint
    - - Fracture Shaft Femur
      - Fracture Distal Femur
      - Supracondylar Fracture of Femur
      - Proximal Tibial Fracture
      - Fracture Tibia and Fibula
    - - Knee Ligament Injuries
      - General Principles
      - Collateral Ligament Injury
      - Lateral Collateral Ligament Tear
      - Cruciate Ligament Injuries
      - Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear
      - Semilunar Cartilages
      - Medial Meniscus Injury
      - Physiotherapy Measures After Arthroscopy
      - Fracture of Patella
      - Acute Dislocation of Patella
      - Acute Dislocation of Knee
      - Soft Tissue Injuries around the Knee and the Thigh
    - - Ankle Injuries
      - Ankle Sprain
      - Fractures of the Hindfoot
      - Fracture Calcaneum
      - Fracture Talus
      - Fracture Neck Talus
      - Midfoot Fractures
      - Fractures of the Forefoot
      - Phalangeal Fractures
      - Metatarsal Fractures
      - Jones Fracture
      - Sesamoid Bone Fractures
      - Treatment Goals in Forefoot Fractures
  - - - Classification of Sports Injuries
      - Common Sports Injuries
  - - - Fracture Pelvis
      - Investigations
      - Coccyx Fractures
      - Rib Fractures
    - - About Spine
      - Injuries of the Cervical Spine
      - Cervical Spine Injuries with Neurological Problems
      - Thoracic and Lumbosacral Spine Injuries
      - Spinal Cord Injury
    - - About Spinal Nerve
      - Classification of Nerve Injuries
      - Ulnar Nerve Injury
      - Claw Hand Deformity
      - Radial Nerve Injury
      - Foot Drop
      - Physiotherapy Management in Peripheral Nerve Lesions
      - Brachial Plexus Injuries
      - Erb’s Palsy
  - - - Masterly Inactivity
      - Conservative Methods
      - Operative Methods
      - Osteotomy
      - Arthrodesis
      - Arthroplasty
      - Arthroplasty of the Upper Limbs
      - Tendon Surgeries
      - Other Important Surgeries
    - - Torticollis (Wry Neck)
      - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
      - Cervical Rib
      - Cervical Disk Syndromes
      - Frozen Shoulder
      - Shoulder Mobilization Techniques
      - Rotator Cuff Lesions (RCL)
      - The Subacromial Bursitis
      - Subscapularis Tendinitis
      - Bicipital Tendinitis
      - Infraspinatus Tendinitis
      - Supraspinatus Tendinitis
      - Impingement Syndrome
      - Lateral Epicondylitis or Tennis Elbow
      - Golfer’s Elbow
      - De Quervain’s Disease
      - Trigger Finger (Stenosing Flexor Tenosynovitis)
      - Ganglia
      - Dupuytren’s Contracture
      - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
      - Compound Palmar Ganglion
      - Klenbock’s Disease
      - Olecranon Bursitis (Student’s Elbow)
      - Scoliosis
      - Spondylolisthesis
      - Kyphosis
      - Lumbar Canal Stenosis (LCS)
      - Coxa Vara
      - Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
      - Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
      - Genu Valgum
      - Genu Varum (Bow Legs)
      - Genu Recurvatum
      - Bursae around the Knee
      - Recurrent Dislocation of Patella (RDP)
      - Chondromalacia Patella
      - Infantile Quadriceps Contracture
      - Arches of the Foot
      - Pes Cavus
      - Pes Planus
      - Foot Pain
      - Hallux Valgus
      - Hallux Rigidus
      - Metatarsalgia
      - Morton’s Metatarsalgia
      - Painful Heel
      - Traumatic Disturbances
      - Bursitis
      - Non-traumatic Heel Conditions
      - Calcaneal Spurs
      - Physiotherapy Management
      - Epiphysitis of the Calcaneum
    - - Anatomy of the Hand
      - Congenital Anomalies of the Hand
      - Injuries of the Hand
      - Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand Bones
      - Metacarpal Bone Fractures
      - Fracture of the Phalanges
      - Tendon Injuries
      - Flexor Tendon Injuries
      - Extensor Tendon Injuries
      - Interesting Finger Injuries
      - Soft Tissue Injuries of the Hand
      - Crush Injuries of the Hand and Amputations
      - • Infections of the Hand
      - Paronychia
      - Distal Pulp Space Infection
      - Middle and Proximal Volar Space Infection
      - Infection of the Web Spaces
      - Tenosynovitis
      - Arthritic Hand
      - Paralytic Hand
  - - - What is Gait?
      - Gait Cycle
      - Human Gait
      - Forces Responsible for Gait
      - Pathological Gait
      - Gait Training
    - - Backache
      - Lumbar Disk Disease and Low Backache
      - Back Ergonomics
      - Approach to a Patient with Low Backache
      - Other Important Causes of Backache
      - Yoga and Physiotherapy
      - The Role of Yoga and Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Low Backache (LBA)
- - - - Overview
      - Direct Access
      - Evidence-Based Practice
      - The Role of the Physical Therapist Assistant
      - Appearance
      - The Rehabilitation Team
      - Models of Disablement
      - Personality
      - Values and Beliefs
      - Cultural Influences
      - Motivation and Compliance
      - Motivation
      - Compliance
      - Patient Education
      - Privacy and Patient Confidentiality
      - Reimbursement
      - Productivity
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Musculoskeletal Tissue
      - Connective Tissue
      - Fascia
      - Tendons
      - Ligaments
      - Bone
      - Articular Cartilage
      - Fibrocartilage
      - Bursae
      - Skeletal Muscle Tissue
      - Machinery of Movement
      - Muscle Fiber Types
      - Muscle Function
      - Vascular Tissue
      - Kinesiology
      - Anatomic Position
      - Directional Terms
      - Planes of the Body
      - Axes of the Body
      - Force
      - Load Deformation Curve
      - Levers
      - Mechanical Advantage
      - Equilibrium
      - Newton’s Laws of Motion
      - Active Length–Tension Relationship
      - Passive Length–Tension Relationship
      - Force–Velocity Relationship
      - Joint Kinematics
      - Close-Packed and Open-Packed Positions of the Joint
      - Range of Motion, Flexibility, and Joint Mobility
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Central Nervous System
      - Peripheral Nervous System
      - The Cranial Nerves
      - The Spinal Nerves
      - The Brachial Plexus
      - Autonomic Nerves
      - Transmission of Pain
      - Fibromyalgia
      - Implications for the PTA
      - Myofascial Pain Syndrome
      - Implications for the PTA
      - Osteoarthritis
      - Rheumatoid Arthritis
      - Ulnar Drift
      - Radial Deviation of the CMC Block
      - Implications for the PTA
      - Osteoporosis
      - Implications for the PTA
      - Recognizing a Medical Emergency
      - Medical Emergency Diagnoses
      - Laboratory Values
      - Musculoskeletal Pharmacology
      - Antibacterial Drugs
      - Opioid Analgesics
      - Nonopioid Analgesics
      - Corticosteroids
      - Muscle Relaxants
    - - Overview
      - Tissue Healing
      - Inflammatory (Acute) Stage
      - Proliferative (Subacute) Stage
      - Remodeling Stage
      - Tissue Specific Responses to Injury
      - Muscle and Tendon Injuries
      - Ligament Injury
      - Muscle, Tendon, and Ligament Healing—Implications for the PTA
      - Inflammatory (Acute) Stage
      - Proliferative (Subacute) Stage
      - Remodeling Stage
      - Articular Cartilage Injury and Disease
      - Fibrocartilage Healing
      - Bone
      - Fractures
      - Bone Healing
      - Implications for the PTA
      - Detrimental Effects of Immobilization
      - Surgical Interventions
      - Surgical Repair of Tendons
      - Surgical Repair of Ligaments
      - Surgical Repair of Cartilage, Bones, and Joints
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Soft Tissue Mobilization Techniques
      - Transverse Friction Massage
      - Augmented Soft Tissue Mobilization
      - Myofascial Release
      - Muscle Energy
      - Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
      - Muscle Energy
      - Myofascial Trigger Point Therapy
      - Stretch and Spray or Stretch and Ice
      - Neurodynamic Mobilizations
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - The Elements of Patient Management
      - Examination
      - Patient History
      - Systems Review
      - General Medical Assessment
      - Tests and Measures
      - Evaluation
      - Intervention
      - Outcomes
      - Plan of Care
      - Patient Coordination and Communication
      - Documentation
      - Abbreviations
      - Ongoing Assessment, Progression, and Compliance
      - Imaging Studies
      - Conventional (Plain Film) Radiography
      - Stress Radiograph
      - Arthrography
      - Myelography
      - Diskography
      - Angiography
      - Clinical Implications of the Neuromuscular System
      - Lesions of the Nervous System
      - Neurovascular Healing
      - Nerve Injury Classification
      - Medical Interventions for Nerve Injury
      - Neuromuscular Testing in Orthopaedics
      - Reflexes
      - Sensory Testing
      - Neuromeningeal Mobility Testing
      - Balance Testing
      - Coordination Testing
      - Upper and Lower Quarter Scanning Examination
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Gait
      - Terminology
      - Gait Cycle
      - Characteristics of Normal Gait
      - The Kinematics of Gait
      - Influences on Normal Gait
      - Abnormal Gait Syndromes
      - Gait Training with Assistive Devices
      - Running
      - Posture
      - Postural Examination
      - Common Faulty Postures
      - Intervention
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Clinical Decision-Making
      - Correct Therapeutic Exercise Progression
      - Exercise Precautions
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Correct Application of Manual Techniques
      - Indications for Manual Therapy
      - Contraindications to Manual Therapy
      - Massage
      - Specific Massage Techniques
      - Manual Lymphatic Drainage
      - Joint Mobilizations
      - Joint Mobilization Approaches
      - Australian Techniques
      - Clinical Application
    - - Overview
      - Physical Agents
      - Cryotherapy
      - Thermotherapy
      - Hydrotherapy
      - Electrotherapeutic Modalities
      - Physiological Effects
      - Electrodes and Their Placement
      - Electrical Equipment Care and Maintenance
      - Transdermal Iontophores
      - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
      - Russian Current or Medium-Frequency Alternating Current
      - Interferential Current
      - Biofeedback
      - Mechanical Modalities
      - Mechanical Spinal Traction
      - Summary
  - - - Overview
      - Kinematic Chains
      - Closed Kinematic Chain
      - Open Kinematic Chain
      - Exercise Physiology
      - Measures of Energy Expenditure
      - Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
      - Video Fluoroscopy
      - Computed Tomography
      - CT Myelogram
      - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
      - Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
      - Diagnostic Ultrasound (Ultrasonography)
      - Radionuclide Scanning
    - - Overview
      - Improving Range of Motion
      - Passive Range of Motion
      - Active-Assisted Range of Motion
      - Active Range of Motion
      - Improving Flexibility
      - Stretching
      - Self-Stretching
      - Improving Joint Mobility
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Improving Strength
      - Methods of Strengthening Muscles
      - Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
      - Isometric Exercises
      - Concentric/Isotonic Exercises
      - Eccentric Exercises
      - Isokinetic Exercise
      - Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
      - Stabilization Exercises
      - Periodization
      - Types of Resistance
      - Considerations for Strength Training
      - Strengthening Exercise Programs
      - Maintaining Strength
      - Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
      - Improving Muscular Endurance
      - Improving Muscle Power
      - Plyometrics
      - Summary
      - Structural Dysfunctions
      - Kyphosis
      - Sternal Deformities
      - Intervention
      - Muscle Strains
      - Intercostal Muscles
      - Intervention
      - Rotoscoliosis
      - Intervention
      - Compression Fractures of the Spine
      - Intervention
      - Techniques to Increase Soft Tissue Extensibility
      - Manual Stretch into Extension
      - Bucket Handle Stretch
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Impaired Balance
      - Somatosensory System
      - Visual and Vestibular Input
      - Sensory Motor Integration
      - Motor Output Generation
      - Improving Balance
      - Agility
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Physical Fitness
      - Physical Activity
      - Cardiorespiratory Endurance
      - Recovery
      - Precautions with Aerobic Conditioning
      - Techniques for Improving, Maintaining, and Monitoring Cardiorespiratory Endurance
      - Aerobic Conditioning Programs
      - Summary
  - - - Overview
      - Design
      - Structure
      - Motion Segments
      - Intervertebral Foramina
      - Neutral Zone
      - Spinal Motion
      - Coupled Motions
      - Fryette’s Laws of Physiological Spinal Motion
      - Fryette’s First Law
      - Fryette’s Second Law
      - Fryette’s Third Law
      - General Guidelines for Interventions for Spinal Dysfunction
      - Acute Phase
      - Subacute and Chronic (Functional) Phases
      - Summary
      - Body Mass Index
      - Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
      - Motor Learning
      - Open Versus Closed Skills
      - Gentile’s Taxonomy of Motor Tasks
      - Stages of Motor Learning
      - Practice and Feedback
      - Patient Safety
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Anatomy and Kinesiology
      - Cervical Spine
      - Temporomandibular Joint
      - Examination
      - Range of Motion
      - Evidence-Based Testing
      - Intervention Strategies for the Cervical Spine
      - Acute Phase
      - Subacute Through Chronic Phases
      - Functional Retraining
      - Intervention Strategies for the Temporomandibular Joint
      - Common Conditions
      - Cervical Strains and Sprains
      - Whiplash-Associated Disorders
      - Intervention for Cervical Sprains and Strains
      - Impaired Posture
      - Intervention
      - Cervical Spondylosis
      - Zygapophyseal Joint Dysfunction
      - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
      - Cervical Disk Lesions
      - Acute Torticollis (Acute Wry Neck)
      - Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction
      - Therapeutic Techniques
      - Techniques to Increase Soft Tissue Extensibility
      - General Soft Tissue Techniques
      - Self-Stretches
      - Summary
    - - Overview
      - Anatomy and Kinesiology
      - Muscles
      - Thoracic Motions