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Chap 8 Loneliness - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Friendship quality
      - Peer acceptance
        
        lack of belonging
  - - - loss
      - declining physical health
        
        reduced social activity
- - - - Eye tracking study
        
        ppl w chronic loneliness pay more attention to social stimuli like playground arguments
    - - Self-protective
        
        :heavy_plus_sign: events --> attributed to stable internal traits
        
        :heavy_minus_sign: events --> attributed to external circumstances
      - Self-destructive
        
        :heavy_plus_sign: events --> attributed to external circumstances
        
        :heavy_minus_sign: events--> attributed to stable internal traits
      - Chronic loneliness
        
        :chart_with_upwards_trend: self-destructive + :chart_with_downwards_trend: self protective
    - - poorer at managing negative emotions
    - - more sensitive to rejection cues & expect rejection
  - - - Diathesis-Stress Theory
        
        :arrow_up: sensitive to negative env
      - Vantage-Sensitivity Theory
        
        :arrow_down: sensitive to positive env
        
        eg. faster drop in positive mood
    - - serotonin uptake receptors
      - oxytocin genes
  - - - large predictor of loneliness
- - - - Behavioural reaffiliation process activates
        
        Cognitive reaffiliation process activates
        
        Regulate behaviour to reconnect
        
        Reconnection
        
        :heavy_minus_sign: interpretation of social info
        
        Further social withdrawal
        
        negative affect
        
        vicious cycle
        
        hypervigilance to social cues to monitor social situations
        
        chronically lonely --> :arrow_up: hypervigilance
        
        withdrawal from social interaction
  - - - Low self esteem
      - initial negative cognitions
      - low Trust
      - external locus of control
    - - neuroticism
      - introversion
- - - - missing close emotional attachment
      - eg. no one to turn to for emotional support
      - involves rs quality, talking to each other
    - - missing sense of social integration & belonging
      - involves rs quantity, hanging out
      - eg. no one to ask for instrumental support
    - - not well researched
  - - - closest core grp
        
        n = 5
        
        provides affirmation of values & mutual assistance
      - similar to Weiss' emotional loneliness but broader
    - - sympathy grp that you feel comfortable with
        
        provides high cost instrumental support
        
        n = 15 to 50
    - - larger social role
        
        n = 150 to 1500
        
        low cost support or info through weak ties
- - - - Secondary Prevention
        
        Tertiary Prevention (Intervention)
        
        target ppl who are already lonely
        
        target higher risk groups for loneliness
      - global actions to fight loneliness
        
        govt level responses
  - - - small nonsignificant effect size at group level
        
        possibly as some have social skills but lack the network
      - avoided by those that need social skills training the most
      - speaking on the phone, exchanging compliments, online communication skills
    - - largest effect size
      - high costs of implementing
    - - most desired solution that lonely ppl mention
      - limited effectiveness & can actually :arrow_up: loneliness
      - does not address problems in reaffiliation model
      - most common
    - - not just about receiving but giving support
      - attending to emotional needs at different levels (individual, group, communal)
    - - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
      - Oxytocin
        
        works in animals
      - Neurosteroids
        
        activate the HPA axis
        
        regulate cortisol levels
      - Criticism
        
        running has similar benefits as SSRIs with less side effects
        
        does not affect social environment
- - - - Intrapersonal mechanisms
        
        Relationship Dissatisfaction
        
        deviating from norms abt social rs
        
        Alienation, Inauthenticity, Lower self worth
        
        deviating from norms abt personal characteristics
      - Interpersonal mechanisms
        
        Unfulfilled Relationship needs
        
        deviating from personal characteristics norms
        
        Social Rejection
        
        deviating from social rs norms