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ANSC 260 Final - Coggle Diagram

- - - - organic compound required in small amounts for essential metabolic rxns in living organism
        
        required but not necessary
      - does not include
        
        dietary minerals
        
        essential fatty acids
        
        essential a.a.
      - bio-molecules that act as catalyst & substrates in biochem rxns
      - Biomolecule
        
        occurs naturally in living organisms
      - Enzyme
        
        Catalyst
        
        increase rate of chemical rxns w/o being consumed
        
        Coenzyme
        
        relatively small molecules that make up part of the active site of an enzyme
        
        w/o = enzyme no function
        
        Cofactors
        
        non protein component of enzyme
        
        organic = coenzyme
      - Substrate
        
        molecules which an enzyme acts on
        
        changed during rxn
      - Organic compounds
        
        required in
        
        trace amounts
        
        diet
        
        metabolism, growth,development & cell function regulation
      - cannot be synthesized by animal
      - each specific
        
        function
        
        deficiency signs
        
        corrected/prevented by addition of vitamin
      - 13 vitamins in animal nutrition
      - Hematopoiesis
        
        types of vitamin related anemia
        
        Megaloblastic
        
        folate deficiency
        
        cobalamin deficiency
        
        impaired DNA synthesis
        
        lead to cell growth not division
        
        Pernicious anemia
        
        parietal cells autoimmune destruct
        
        stomach
        
        produce "intrinsic factor"
        
        secondary cobalamin deficiency
        
        Macrocytic anemia
        
        Vitamin B12 deficiency
        
        Folate deficiency
        
        large erythrocytes
        
        Microcytic anemia
        
        Iron deficiency
  - - - in humans
  - - - B complex
      - C
    - - A
      - E
      - D
      - K
      - absorbed
        
        small intestine
        
        micelle
      - transported
        
        intestine
        
        chylomicrons
      - Storage
        
        liver
        
        longer for deficiency sign to appear
        
        greater risk for toxicity
        
        excess not excreted efficiently
  - - - = retinol
        
        has to be consumed
        
        converts into carotene (by animal)
        
        carotene
        
        precursor of Vit A
        
        Beta
        
        most common in plants
        
        2 Vit A joined together
        
        not all can be converted to retinol
        
        converted by animals at diff rates
        
        cats cant convert
        
        precursor to active metabolites
        
        Retinal
        
        in vision
        
        Retinoic Acid
        
        Intracellular messenger of gene transcription
        
        storage
        
        liver
        
        fatty tissues
        
        used during periods of feeding
        
        carotene deficient diet
        
        not found naturally in plant based feeds
    - - active
        
        steroid hormone
      - important for
        
        absorption
        
        metabolism
        
        physiological usage of Ca & P
      - upregulates
        
        Ca absorption from intestine
      - increase
        
        bone reabsorption
        
        osteoclasts
      - regulate lvls of Ca and P
        
        Vitamin D + parathyroid hormone + calcitonin
        
        Vitamin D
        
        increase blood Ca
        
        ↑Ca & P
        
        gut
        
        bone
        
        ↓Ca & P
        
        excrete
        
        1 more item...
        
        Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
        
        increase blood Ca
        
        ↑active Vit D formation
        
        ↑ Ca& P
        
        release
        
        1 more item...
        
        ↓Ca
        
        excrete
        
        1 more item...
        
        Calcitonin (CT)
        
        decrease blood Ca
        
        ↑ bone formation
        
        ↑ Ca& P
        
        1 more item...
      - Main function
        
        bone regulation
        
        Vit D receptor in cell
        
        stimulate gene expression
        
        immune function
        
        intestine development
        
        muscle growth
      - Metabolism
        
        vitamin D3
        
        25-hydroxy vitamin D3
        
        supplement
        
        poultry & swine
        
        liver
        
        1,25-hydroxy Vitamin D3
        
        active
        
        kidney
        
        non active
        
        skin
      - Sources
        
        Cod liver oil
        
        Fortified foods
        
        milk, orange juice, etc.
        
        UVB exposure
        
        sheep wool grease
        
        Vit D precusor
    - - phenol ring w/ various side chains
        
        different potency
      - requirements
        
        measured in IU
      - α-tocopherol
        
        most potent
        
        most important
        
        Oxidized VitE
        
        VitC regenerates VitE
      - 8 natural occurring isomers
        
        4 tocopherol
        
        saturated tail
        
        more potent
        
        4 tocotrienol
        
        polyunsaturated tail
        
        less potent
      - Functions
        
        antioxidant
        
        especially in biological membrane
        
        due to fatty acid tail
        
        immune function
        
        interfere absorption of Vit A at high lvls
      - In vivo protection
        
        polyunsat FA
        
        susceptible to oxidation
        
        lipid-soluble
        
        can incorporate itself to lipid bilayer
        
        "quench" unpaired e-
        
        radical can be regenerated
        
        via Vit C
    - - involved in synthesis of prothrombin in liver
        
        essential for blood clotting
      - Phylloquinone
        
        K1
        
        plants
      - Menaquinone
        
        K2
        
        bacteria
        
        animal tissues
      - Menadione
        
        K3
        
        synthetic
      - synthesized in rumen by microbes
        
        large intestine
        
        normally enough to meet requirements
      - supplemented to pigs & poultry
      - mouldy feeds or certain drugs
        
        can cause a Vit K deficiency
        
        develop spontaneous hemorrhages
      - Antagonists
        
        Dicoumarol
        
        interfere function
        
        moldy/frost damaged sweet clover
        
        have coumarin precursor
        
        Warfarin
        
        rat poison
        
        blood clotting
  - - - except Vit B12
      - Need daily supply
        
        for normal physiological function
        
        in vitamin premix
        
        gut microbes can meet to a limited extentent
        
        easily excreted by kidneys
        
        acute toxicoses unlikely
        
        organic compounds
        
        most are catalysts
        
        Deficiency
        
        rare in developed countries
        
        Human
        
        1 more item...
        
        Animals
        
        1 more item...
        
        Observations
        
        3 more items...
        
        usually at activity of coenzymes
        
        carried by water
  - - - Monogastrics
        
        supply regardless
      - Ruminants
        
        diet often dictates which vitamins are supplemented
        
        Mainly Fat soluble
    - - vary w/ type & quality
      - content vs . metabolic activity
    - - assure ready supply of essential vitamins are available
      - generally synthetic
        
        water-soluble
- - - - innocuous contaminants
      - toxic
      - any mineral can be toxic at high levels
        
        influenced by
        
        age
        
        species
        
        physiological state
        
        mineral form
        
        other nutrients
        
        General Function
        
        structural component
        
        acid/base osmotic regulation
        
        enzymatic reaction components/cofactors
        
        may have more than 1 function
  - - - generally present in body at >0.01% BW
        
        General Function
        
        structure
        
        osmotic pressure regulation
        
        regulation
        
        others
        
        proportions are similar among species
        
        High Ca & P
        
        Calcium
        
        Phosphorus
        
        Magnesium
        
        5 more items...
        
        dietary absorption
        
        2 more items...
        
        biology
        
        2 more items...
        
        Body distribution
        
        3 more items...
        
        Functions
        
        3 more items...
        
        Deficiency
        
        3 more items...
        
        Toxicity
        
        3 more items...
        
        Monogastrics
        
        1 more item...
        
        Ruminants
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pollution
        
        2 more items...
        
        Dietary absorption
        
        low
        
        1 more item...
        
        high
        
        1 more item...
        
        Inter-relationship
        
        deposited together as hydroxyapatite
        
        1 more item...
        
        during bone reabsorption
        
        1 more item...
        
        hens need lots of Ca for eggshell
        
        1 more item...
        
        homeostasis require co-regulation of Ca2+ and PO4
        
        Homeostasis
        
        3 more items...
        
        Body distribution
        
        most abundant mineral
        
        2 more items...
        
        ionized form Ca2+
        
        1 more item...
        
        low Ca
        
        1 more item...
        
        Functions
        
        bone & teeth structure
        
        1 more item...
        
        36% bone mineral
        
        muscle contractions
        
        1 more item...
        
        blood clotting
        
        1 more item...
        
        required for max protease, phospholipase & nuclease activity
        
        cell communication 2nd messenger
        
        1 more item...
        
        Deficiency
        
        Rickets
        
        1 more item...
        
        Osteomalacia
        
        1 more item...
        
        Osteoporosis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Parturient paresis
        
        2 more items...
        
        PTH regulates
        
        Toxicity
        
        Osteopetrosis
        
        2 more items...
        
        Urethral & kidney stones
        
        1 more item...
        
        Reduces nutrient absorption
        
        1 more item...
        
        Calcitonin regulates
        
        Homeostasis
        
        1,25 (OH)2 Vitamin D3
        
        1 more item...
        
        PTH
        
        1 more item...
        
        Calcitonin
        
        1 more item...
  - - - generally present in body at <0.01% BW
        
        "trace minerals"
        
        essential
        
        present in tissue of all healthy animals
        
        relatively constant concentration across species
        
        deficiencies generally same across species
        
        physiological, structural, biochemical
        
        General Function
        
        5 more items...
        
        presence ≠ required
        
        can be a nutrient even if not required
        
        starch
  - - - cell membrane stability
        
        muscle contraction
        
        nerve signal transmission
        
        intracellular messenger
        
        cell signaling
        
        blood clot form
        
        1 more item...
    - - DNA & RNA
        
        cell energy (ATP)
        
        intracellular messenger (cAMP)
        
        cell membranes (phospholipid)
        
        cell signal (phosphorylation)
        
        bone mineral
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Fiber
        
        Oxalic acid
        
        mineral interactions
        
        Chelation
        
        positive effect
        
        organic trace mineral
        
        negative effect
        
        phytate
        
        formation between mineral & organic compound
- - - - 90% newborn mass
        
        99% of all molecules
        
        animals can lose 100% fat and survive, but lose 10% water, result in death
        
        70-75% fat free body mass
        
        decrease with age
    - - intake & pollution
  - - - cattle, sheep
        
        require more water
        
        important for digestion
  - - - feed has to be hydrated
      - normal movement of digesta require water
        
        increase water intake
        
        increase feed intake
        
        wet feeding
        
        good quality water
        
        not due to high salt
        
        decreased water intake
        
        first health problem sign
        
        poor quality water
  - - - amount is variable
        
        environment temperature
        
        activity
        
        respiration rate
        
        production loss
        
        egg, milk
        
        diet composition
        
        moisture, protein lvl, salt
        
        urination
        
        diuretic nutrients
        
        increase with
        
        heat
        
        dietary factors
        
        high salt
        
        feed consumed amount
        
        water output
        
        access
        
        competition
  - - - amount food eaten
      - feed efficiency
      - weight gain or loss
  - - - balance concentration
  - - - ions in body fluid
        
        carry a charge
        
        regulate
        
        osmotic
        
        electrochemical
        
        acid-base balance
      - Na, K, Cl
        
        interrelated metabolism, function
        
        electrolyte excretion & retention hormonal control
        
        renin-angiotensin system
  - - - digesta & nutrients
      - metabolites
      - excretion of waste
        
        cell rigidity & elasticity
        
        hypotonic
        
        isotonic
        
        hypertonic
        
        lubricant & cushion
        
        biochem rxns
        
        maintain body temp
        
        cooling
  - - - osmotic effects
        
        solutes
        
        water influx
        
        soluble non-starch polysaccharides
        
        form gels
        
        increase water retention
        
        structural carbohydrates
        
        laxative effect
        
        fiber hangs to lots water
        
        as food go down the digesta, water is removed
  - - - produced in body as byproduct
        
        formed from combustion
        
        carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
        
        fat > starch > proteins
    - - liberated from metabolic rxns
        
        condensation reactions
        
        dehydration synthesis
      - preformed from catabolism
        
        negative energy balance
        
        break body tissues
        
        muscle tissue water loss
      - Increased food intake
        
        respiration
        
        Decrease net water
        
        heat dissipation
        
        urea/uric acid production/excretion
        
        Most animals lose 23.5g
        
        produce 12.3g
        
        some suited in hot climates
        
        Hibernating animal
        
        slow respiration rate
        
        less water loss
  - - - combined content of all inorganic & organic substances contained in liquid molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form
      - crude measure of water quality
        
        high = bad
        
        decrease intake
        
        don't measure toxic components
        
        0-1000 ppm
        
        1000 - 5000 ppm
        
        3000 - 5000 ppm
        
        5000 - 7000 ppm
        
        2 more items...
        
        watery feces
        
        1 more item...
        
        safe
        
        may cause diarrhea
        
        excellent
    - - Substantial source Na, Ca, S, N
        
        can be nutritive
        
        can be toxic
        
        chemical form can make a difference
        
        Sulfate (SO4^-2)
        
        wells/ dugouts
        
        if >1000 ppm
        
        diarrhea
        
        NaCl
        
        decreased if water content increase
        
        Nitrite (NO2-)
        
        oxidize iron
        
        hemoglobin -> methemoglobin
        
        decrease O2 carry capacity
        
        > 10
        
        unacceptable for humans
        
        < 300
        
        pig tolerate
        
        < 1000
        
        cattle tolerate
        
        some stomach acid convert nitrosamines
        
        carcinogenic
        
        Nitrate (NO3)
        
        less toxic than nitrite
        
        bacteria convert nitrate --> nitrite
- - - - natural components of feedstuff that interfere with digestion, absorption, utilization of nutrients or energy
      - Toxin
        
        harmful substance produced by living things
        
        alter metabolic reaction
        
        activate harmful chemical reaction
        
        increase/decrease crucial chemicals concentration in body
        
        disturb health
        
        Plants
        
        repel pests/animals
        
        Fungi
        
        eliminate competition
        
        Poison
        
        any chemical that is harmful to health
        
        organic or inorganic
        
        Contaminants
        
        material accidentally included in feed
        
        may or may not be poisonous
        
        toxic plants/components
        
        microbial toxins
        
        drug residues
        
        pesticides
        
        Pollutants
  - - - growth rate problems
      - reduced animal vigour
      - reduced fertility
      - induced abortions
      - birth defects
      - Specific Symptoms
        
        depends on the ANF or toxin
        
        Ruminant vs Monogastric
        
        ruminant more resistant
        
        metabolized by rumen microbes
        
        Plants
        
        many >1 ANF/toxin
        
        Physiology
        
        structure
        
        fiber
        
        nutrient storage
        
        phytate
        
        response varies
        
        species
        
        1 more item...
        
        stage of life
        
        1 more item...
        
        plant part
        
        1 more item...
        
        soil type
        
        1 more item...
        
        processing
        
        2 more items...
        
        Protection
        
        various ANF
        
        poisonous
        
        unpalatable
        
        due to drought, spring, overgrazing
        
        Primary reason for ANF & Toxin
        
        Structure
        
        fiber, lignin, silica
        
        Discourage animal to eat
        
        tannin, alkaloid, irritants, inflammatory molecule
        
        nutrient binders
        
        1 more item...
        
        enzyme inhibitors
        
        1 more item...
        
        decrease nutrient stash value
  - - - retain water
        
        move through digesta easier/faster
      - enzyme access to substrates in lumen GI
      - block released nutrient movement from food to absorptive surface
      - Benefit
        
        laxative
        
        increase microbe ferment
        
        gut microbiome
        
        Crude Fibre
        
        Structural
        
        cellulose, hemicellulose
        
        indigestible
        
        Associated structures
        
        lignin, silica
        
        Soluble Fibres
        
        feed enzyme
        
        Arabinoxylans
        
        increase digesta viscosity
        
        β-glucans
        
        monogastric
  - - - legumes
        
        trypsin inhibitor in soybeans
        
        no zymogens activation
      - bind to protease
        
        no peptide bond cleave
        
        trypsin-inhibitor excreted
        
        poor protein digestion
        
        pancreatic hypertrophy
      - stable by can be eliminated by heat treatment
      - Lectins
        
        binds sugars & oligosaccharides
        
        animal cell membrane
        
        hemagglutinins
        
        clump RBC
        
        cells clump together
        
        microvilli in small intestine
        
        reduce absorption
        
        reduced surface area
        
        promote intestinal bacteria overgrowth
        
        extra nutrient supply
        
        unstable to heat
        
        Antigenic Proteins
        
        trigger humoral immune response in gut
        
        cause chronic hypersensitivity
        
        feeding/withdraw/re-feed
        
        activate allergy response
  - - - negative/positive effect
        
        depend on dosage
    - - bind to protein
        
        interfere digestibility
      - water soluble
        
        precipitate proteins
      - plants high in tannin
        
        faba beans, sorghum, cottonseed
        
        minimize loss to birds
        
        ruminant feed
      - animals adapt to high lvls overtime
      - genetic elimination
      - high-moist anaerobic storage
        
        cross-link
        
        insoluble
      - 2 Types
        
        Condensed
        
        bind to diet protein
        
        indirect
        
        Hydrolyzable
        
        palatability
        
        direct enzyme inhibit
      - Gossypol
        
        found in cotton seeds
        
        toxin
        
        toxic to non-ruminants, monogastrics, small animals, young
        
        cause green mottled egg yolk
        
        rubber balls
        
        high level
        
        cardiac irregularity
        
        anemia
        
        infertility
        
        present bound to a.a.
        
        free form chelates w/ iron
        
        detoxify
        
        free removed by solvent extraction
        
        Sinapine
        
        Rapeseed meal/unimproved canola
        
        some chicken lack Trimethylamine oxidase
        
        specially brown egg layers
        
        high level
        
        reduce
        
        performance
        
        growth rate
        
        production
        
        fishy smell in egg
    - - flavanoids
      - phenolic acid
    - - tumeric
        
        cucurmin
      - green tea
        
        epigallocatechin gallate
      - rosemary
        
        carnosic acid
  - - - rapeseed, cassava, linseed meal
        
        precursor in plant, substrate & enzyme kept apart
        
        frost, seed distruption
        
        allow reaction
        
        bind to metals
        
        Calcium
      - cytochrome oxidase
        
        cleaves
        
        form free sugar + HCN
        
        HCN cause problems
      - Plant breeding
        
        reduce ANF levels
        
        reduce erucic acid
        
        toxic FA
      - Goitrogenic
        
        Brassica species
        
        rapeseed, mustard
        
        thioesters
        
        have S group
        
        goitrin
        
        interfere
        
        thyroid activity
        
        iodine metabolism
        
        Coumarin
        
        rat poison
        
        anticoagulant
        
        Glucose-coumarin in plant
        
        Dicoumarol
        
        involved in blood clotting
        
        vitamin K antagonist
        
        Vicine & covicine
        
        faba beans
        
        metabolized to toxic product
        
        divicine
        
        RBC fragility
        
        1 more item...
        
        Saponins
        
        CHO bound to steroid
        
        froth in rumen
        
        bloats
        
        1 more item...
        
        Alfalfa, yucca
        
        can cause death
  - - - plant sterols
        
        resemble estrogen structure
      - clover, alfalfa
      - isoflavones
      - Metal-Binding agents
        
        Phytate
        
        bind to plant P
        
        inositol ring w/ 6 phosphate groups
        
        not lethally toxic
        
        decrease P availability
        
        bind to Zn, Mg, Mn
        
        interfere w/ protein digestion, energy
        
        exogenous
        
        remove phosphate from inositol ring
        
        Rumen
        
        produce high lvl
        
        endogenous
        
        Monogastric
        
        produce low lvl
        
        Oxalate
        
        kochia, pigweed, rhubarb leaves, spinach
  - - - basic
      - usually bitter
      - often fungal-induced/damaged
        
        larkspur
      - red clover hay, reed canary grass, tall fescue
      - Blue-green algae
        
        cyanobacteria
        
        not all are toxic
        
        shallow ponds & dugouts
        
        warm & sunny
        
        manure/fertilizer runoff
        
        variety of toxins
        
        treat pond w/ copper sulfate
      - cyclic structure w/ N component
  - - - green leaves
      - heavy N fertilize
      - Urinary calculi
        
        high K or P intake
        
        incorrect Ca:P ratio
        
        high intake silica
        
        precipitate & block urethra
        
        rangeland
        
        increased water intake
        
        Selenium toxicity
        
        some plants accumulate Se
        
        "blind staggers"
        
        impared vision
        
        hair loss
        
        sloughing hooves
        
        may lose them
        
        paralysis
        
        respiratory failure
        
        death
        
        Grass tetany
        
        hypomagnesemia
        
        lush pasture
        
        high in K
        
        temperatur or other stress
        
        plant organic acids
  - - - Toxins produced by molds that colonize crops
        
        seed predators
        
        transport of feed ingredients from one region to another
        
        tropical mold mycotoxin
        
        concentration of toxin in DDGS
        
        ethanol production byproduct
        
        Mold Growth Requirement
        
        available nutrients
        
        insect damage, disrupted seed coat, freeze-thaw cycle
        
        moisture >14%
        
        relative humidity > 70%
        
        temperature
        
        Aspergillus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Fusarium, Penicillium
        
        1 more item...
        
        oxygen
        
        Important Species
        
        Penicillium spp.
        
        Aspergillus spp.
        
        Fusarium spp.
        
        Claviceps spp.
        
        1 more item...
        
        Aflatoxin
        
        8 more items...