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5.1-Globalisation, 5.2- globalisation and identity, 5.3: globalisation,…
5.1-Globalisation
speed
with which connection can be made
people
gods
information
ideas
transformation of nature of other processes= global consequences
internationalisation
liberalisation
universalisation
modernisation
Global culture
diversity of cultures will be lost
dominant culture
McLuhan- global village
distanciation
virtual interaction
Giddens- disembedding
people
physical- identity
cultural- hybrid
cyberspace
processes
objects
Baudrillard's- simulacra
deterritoralisation
glocalisation
global processes interact with local processes
family/ businesses
global subcultures
mundialisation
tensions:
local= high cultural diversity
Robertson- "each influences and is influenced by the other"
global= homogeneity
Appadurai- "scapes"- culture
ethnoscapes
technoscapes
finanscapes
media scapes
ideoscapes
Dimensions of Globalsiation
political
liberal democracy
TNCs>>nation states
economic
mobilty
labour
information
growth of TNCs
power
influence
status
capital
global commodity chains
developing countries= cheap production
developed= depend on flow of cheap goods
Castells- globalised capitalism
information
systems
knowlegde
cultural
cosmopolitan lifestyle
sports
consumerism
communication
=diversity and homogenisation
tourism
after Col war- pop buzzword "globalisation"
UK PM: neo-liberal economic policies
Nayan Chanda- "today's globalisation is a continuation, more visible and faster, of a historical process"
who
benefits
from globalisation?
postmodernism
choice and consumerism
metanarratives no longer apply
globalisation= hybridity, diversity (unique blends)
globalist
spread of neo-liberal economics= economic growth, prosperity and democracy
free trade
role of TNCs
restricts power of nation states
individualism, entrepreneurialism
feminism
intersectionality
domestic violence
child marriage
discrimination at work
overtime/sexual harassment
global care chains
migrant women- remittances
United Nations
sceptics/ pessimists
benefits to developed countries
unfair resource distribution
wide gap between rich and poor
cultural imperialism
opposed to neo-liberal form of globalisation
marxism
capitalist world system
world systems theory
periphery regions
semi-peripheral regions
core regions
transformationalism
exchanges between global institutions and local cultures
globalisation can be controlled
mixing of traditional and modern cultures= vibrant hybrid cultures
5.2- globalisation and identity
ethnic revitalisation
religion
shared stories and images
=belonging to a community
language
customs
consequences
sexual minorities
"othered"
eg. islamophobia
hybrid identities
cultural divergence
languages
religions
patterns of kinship
marriage
cultural convergence
globalist: positive process
sceptics: harmful values and practices, cultural imperialism
vs
Western ideology
Coca-colonisation
global reach of TNCs
global consumer culture
hegemony
McDonalisation
corporate products are standardised, homogenised and formulaic
reassurance of making the right choice
Westernisation
individualism
democracy
science
human rights
free market economy
cultural life
disneyisation
theming
de-differentiation
merchandising
cultural imperialism
limitations
have to adapt to local cultures and tastes
5.3: globalisation, power and politics
spread of liberal democracy
not all political systems are fair and just
all this due to globalisation
cross-cultural contact- ideas about democracy..
pressure of international organisations
spread of capitalism- TNCs' involvement
human rights and equality
framework of international agreements
global social movements
Greenpeace
the Red Cross
NGOs
environmental & political issues
NSMs
environment
feminism
peace
LGBTQ
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loosely organised- no leaders
response to global risks
growth of the internet and global electronic communication
eg. protests against neo-liberal globalisation
anti-globalisation movement- free trade
role of nation state
lose power and authority
taxation policies
investment
employment
economic policy:
are secondary players on the world stage
Ohmae: "political globalisation= end of the modern nation-state itself"
TNCs
increasingly powerful
expertise in exploitation
relocate easily
actions have wide consequences
problems faced:
intl. drug trade
illegal trade in endangered species
carbon emissions
pollution
terrorism
agreements
between nations:
Paris climate accord
CITES
Beck: "we now live in a global risk society"
generated by science and technology
we need to think in universal or cosmopolitan rather than nation states
move of power from nation states to the supranational level and local level
John Gray: scepetical
world is becoming a true single true market
nation states have withered away
supplanted by homeless multinational corporations
5.6- Globalisation and Crime
aspects
related to global crime
neo-liberal economics
growing global inequalities
spread of consumerism
new communications technology
globalisation has lead to
global crime
s:
illegal trade in weapons
drugs trade
human trafficking
money laundering
cybercrime
finanicial scams
extreme pornography
terrorist websites
virus attacks
identity theft
illegal movement of people
sex trade
prostittuion
migrant work
corporate crimes
term used by Marxists sociologists
by individuals or TNCs
crimes against environment (green crimes)
caused by human actions
indiviuals
business organisations
states and governments
organised crime- mafia type
victim= natural world
Potter: environmental harms tend to reinforce existing social divisions
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long-lasting effects
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pollution
illegal dumping
destruction of natural habitats
trafficking endangered animals
illegal fishing and whaling
deforestation
crimes at local level have global links "
glocal
"
established mafias
deterritorialised
newer groups
who benefits
from global crime?
Marxists:
all crimes are for benefitting the ruling class and maintaining the unequal capitalist system
to remind the working class of their position and how the rulers have the power to punish them
Feminists:
all crimes are seen as serving the interests of men and reinforcing a patriarchal system
policing and prosecuting global crime
co-operation between states to act against crimes
sharing technology
cyber crime
cyber enabled crime- frauds
advanced - hardware and software attacked
viruses and malware
fraud and identity theft
theft of intellectual property rights
illegal trade
cyberterrorism
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newer forms:
Darknet
5.4-Globalisation, poverty and inequalities
impact on life chances
income
amount of money and other resources coming in over a period...
linked to:
poverty- globalisation has allowed ppl to move out of it
inequality- globalisation widen th egap between rich and poor
globalists: lack of progress due to insufficient globalisation
sceptics: bottom billion have been made poor by globalisation
health
diseases of affluence
lifestyle
brought under control by:
improvements in hygiene
changes in reproductive behaviour
improvement in nutrition and diet
infectious diseases are still a threat
sceptics:
globalisation is creating new health problems
adoption of lifestyles of the rich world
TNCs= junk food
pharma TNCs= expensive medicines
TNCs= pollution
poor funding of medical research
Education
education in girls is seen as effective in raising general education and health standards
gap between rich and poor is increasing
easier access via the internet to info
western system= cultural imperialism
nation states work together through transnational organisations
United Nations
HDI and Sustainable development goals
social and economic indicators
life expectancy
knowledge
living standards
membership structure
political institutions
economic institutions
cultural agencies
official aims
International peace and security
encourage co-operation
dispute resolution
promotion of human rights and freedoms
WTO
primary aim of regulating world trade
economic treaties
Intl. agreement
Intl trading rules
dispute resolution
IMF and World Bank
lend money at lower rates to low-income countries
189 countires
address and correct socio-economic problems
fight poverty
crisis-prevention measures
main purpose: keep track of the economic stability of member countries
educational and economic support
receiver govts. have to comply to policies such as privatisation
neo liberal capitalism
structural adjustment programmes
deregulation of private industry
privatisation
currency devaluation
lower corporate taxation
export-led strategic growth
Hong
unemployment and poverty increased
govt & private corruption
social conditions deteriorate
ecosystems alter
social dislocation
European Union
NGOs
TNCs which try to tackle global inequalities
function independently of the state
functions
relieving suffering
promoting interests of poor
protecting environment
basic social services
community development
reasons for increase in number of NGOs
communicatio-internet
public awareness
ideological changes
more aid is being channeled through NGOs
more effective than govts- work with local people
grass-roots development
criticism
improper allocation of donor money
faith-based NGOs
good publicity and successful branding
exploitation
prostitution
TNC
imp. role in world trade
global connections
crticism
abuse of market power
profiteering
marginalisation
human rights and the environment
corporate social responsibility
social harm
Madeley
use their money, size and power to influence governments
minimise tax liabilities
benefits to developing nations
employment and income increase
educational development
increased government income
technological developments
industrial and technological
Aid
assistance given to promote economic and social welfare
non-repayable grants
repayable loans
non-monetary assistance
military assistance
humanitarian assistance
in favour
economic development
humanitarian aid
helped reduce diseases
gives donor countries political adv.
criticism
benefits to donor country's companies
neo-liberal approaches- "trade rather than aid"
ruling elites use it to consolidate power
developments must be sustainable- "aid through trade"
5.5- Globalisation and Migration: causes of global migration
migration
movement of people from on place to another
internal
external (immigration and emmigration)
demographic change
health
employment
education
typology
political
permanent
semi-permanent
temporary
due to natural disasters
internally displaced individuals (will return)
refugees
economic
permanent
semi-permanent
temporary
short but regular migrations (step migration)
workers- seasonal migration
workers-new country
cultural
permanent
semi-permanent
temporary
tourism- internal and external
students
retirement to another country
industrialisation
= major driver of migration
large internal population migration
most are young= migrants + birth rates
urbanisation
two factors:
push
unemployment
war
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pull
economic factors
cultural factors
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megacities- over 5 million inhabitants
fragmented industrialisation
unemployment and low-wage work
urban poor
bilateral migration
refugees
recognition, status, hostility
tourism
growing affluence and greater knowledge of the world
consumption
material and non-material
recreation and reinvention of places
paradises
heritage sites
new and unspoilt places= authentic
discovery and exploitation
consequences
of migration
positive
employment
new opportunities
remittances to family
growth of exports
help to economy
cultural diversity
greater understanding of others and widening of people's horizons
negative
exploitation of undocumented workers
semi-slavery
home countries left with fewer trained personnel
brain drain
poverty and unequality
environment of hostility towards immigrants
illegal and bogus
treated as criminals