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Nervous System of the Human Body - Luna Beltran - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System of the Human Body - Luna Beltran
Major Functions: controls + communicates
1) Sensory input
2) Integration
3) Motor output
Peripheral Nervous System-- portion of nervous system outside CNS
nerves that extend to and from spinal cord
Central Nervous System-- interprets sensory input and dictates motor output
CT Coverings
Endoneurium: surrounds individual axon
Perineurium: fascicles surrounded by peri., (bundles of axons)
Epineurium: surrounds multiple fascicles
Major parts + functions of spinal cord
: 31 pairs; Function to innervate skeletal muscle + conduct impulses.
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygyeal
Tissues
Neurons and Glial
Preganglionic neuron: cell body in CNS with thin, lightly myelinated
Postganglionic neuron: cell body synapses w/ preganglionic axon autonomic ganglion
AP + nerve impulse
AP generated by difference In ionic comp., plasma membrane, and Sodium-Potassium pump
long distant signals of axons
resting membrane potential -70mv
Major divisions/subdivisions:
1) CNS
: brain + spinal cord
functions lie in diff. parts of brain
2) PNS
: nerves around brain + spinal cord
(2 functional divisions):
- somatic
(senses and movement)
- autonomic
(heart rate, respiration rate, AUTOMATIC)
Major parts + functions of brain
Frontal: Motor control, problem solving, BROCAS AREA: speaking
Parietal: visual perception
Temporal: hearing, memory (short-term), WERNICKE'S AREA: language comprehension
Occipital: sight
Cerebellum: balance
Brain stem: BP, HR, lungs
Classification of Neurons
Ganglia: neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in PNS
Cranial nerves
1) Olfactory
(no motor)
--
smell
2) Optic nerves
(no motor)
--
eyes
3) Oculomotor
(motor)
--
raising eyelid, directing eyeball
4) Trochlear
(motor)
--
motor nerve directing eyeball
5) Trigeminal
(motor)
--
pons to face; largest
6) Abducens
--
lateral rectus muscle (face, eyes)
7) Facia
l--
taste
8) Vestibulocochlear
--
hearing; auditory
9) Glossopharyngeal
--
taste, pharynx, tongue SWALLOWING
10) Vagus
--
taste; extends beyond head/neck
11) Accessory
--
spinal accessory
12) Hypoglossal
--
tongue muscle; swallow + speech
Spinal nerves
Mixed nerves: both sensory and motor
Motor nerves: away from CNS (efferent; ventral root ganglia)
Sensory nerves: impulses towards CNS (afferent; dorsal root ganglia)
Visceral: organs Somatic: muscle
Neurotransmitters:
Major neurotransmitters include Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine
ANS (compare/contrast) autonomic
Sympathetic: STRESS
; fight/flight response, increased HR, BP, decreased salivation, pupils dilate
Parasympathetic: PEACE
; rest and digest system, conserves energy, increased salivation, digestion, digestion stimulated, bronchoconstriction (tightening of airways, ex: bladder), pupils constrict
Reflex arc
(major parts + functions)
1) Receptor: site of stimulus action
2) Sensory Neuron: transmits afferent impulses to CNS
3) Integration Center: monosynaptic or polysynaptic
4) Motor Neuron
5) Effector: innervates skeletal muscle (SNS) innervates cardiac, smooth, glands (ANS)
Disorders/diseases:
risk factors, causes, symptoms
1) Meningitis: infection of meningis in brain
caused by tumors, drug allergies, bacteria/infection
treated with vaccination, antibiotics, medication
2) Multiple Sclerosis: autoimmune disease damages myelin sheaths
hereditary , ages 20-40, environmental factors
muscle weakness, constipation, depression
3) Cerebrovascular accident (stroke): blood
clots/leaks into brain tissue
diabetes, increasing age
severe headache. muscle weakness
Drugs of abuse
: neurotransmitters, effect, etc.
1) Methamphetamine
2) Alcohol
3) Cocaine
4) LSD
5) Heroine
6) Ecstasy
7) Marijuana