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Biology Units - Coggle Diagram
Biology Units
The Scientific Process
Scientific Process:
- Exploration & Discovery
- Gathering Data & Interpreting Data
- Community Analysis & Feedback
- Benefits and Outcomes
Applied Vs. Basic Science:
Basic: aims to answer fundamental questions about biology
Applied: used the information from basic science to solve real world problems.
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Controlling Biases:
Single Blind: Participants don't know which group they are in, but the researcher does
Double Blind: Participants and the researcher doesn't know which groups the participants are in
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The Diversity of Life
Taxonomy:
The science of naming and grouping species to construct an internationally shared classification system
The use of branches to chart out an animal. Taxonomy is used for the classification system of an animal while Phylogenetic trees look for the latest common ancestor of a species
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells:
Similar: DNA/Chromosomes
Prokaryotes: Consist of only a nucleoid region
Eukaryotes: Consist of a cell wall and other parts
In multicellular organisms, cells differentiate to specific types of cells with a structure that fits their function. This is known as specialization.
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Nutrition
How much energy would you need:
- Basal Metabolic Rate: Amount of energy you'd need in a day for basic life-sustaining functions
- Activities: the need for additional energy for activities a person would do throughout the day
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Cholesterol:
HDL:
Clears cholesterol from the body and is removed by liver - cleans blood vessels
LDL:
Builds up in blood vessels and can lead to heart issues
Infection & Immunity
What changed in the world that allowed us to die less from infectious diseases:
Improved medicine
Better nutrition
Improved Sanitation
A good diet made up of healthy foods allows for enough energy to combat against infectious diseases.
Examples: Oranges & vegetable soup
The (Vertebrate) Immune System;
Innate Immune system: Physical Barriers & Internal Defenses
Adaptive Immune System:
- anti-bodies
- cell-mediated immune response
- memory response
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Cancer
Cancer:
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. A disease that is caused by a mutation through the cell cycle
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Genetic information is stored in the DNA which is located in the nucleus. This in turn stores Genes which is the functional unit of heredity
Increased chances (not really a guarantee) where the offspring has a higher chance to get cancer in a specified area
Regulators of cancer:
Tumor suppressor gene: Inhibit cell growth
Proto-oncogenes: Promote cell growth and regulate cell growth/division
Genetics
Sexual Reproduction:
- Parents produce haploid cells (gametes) through meiosis
- Gametes (egg and sperm) fuse to create a diploid zygote through a process through fertilization
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Can result in a generation receiving varying traits through having recessive or dominant alleles or a combination of a dominant and recessive allele.
varying traits resulted in genetic variation amongst a species allows for biodiversity to happen, specifically genetic diversity
Patterns of inheritance:
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
Incomplete Dominance: Two alleles result in an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote
Codominance: Two alleles result in both phenotypes in the heterozygote
Evolution
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Phylogenetic trees:
A system of branches and nodes used to denote and hypothesize evolutionary relatedness
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