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Introduction to water system - Coggle Diagram
Introduction to water system
Hydrological cycle
Definition: movement of water flow in biosphere, litosphere, pedosphere and atmosphere
Ocean conveyor belt
influence climate and global distribution of water
Solar radiation drives hyrological cycle
Question: Outline how solar radiation drives hydrological cycle(4 marks)
Solar radiation provides the energy required to power the hydrological cycle by heating the Earth's surface and water bodies
Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate from oceans, rivers, lakes, and soil, turning it into water vapor.
Solar energy also drives transpiration, where plants release water vapor from their leaves into the atmosphere.
The water vapor rises, cools, and condenses to form clouds, which eventually leads to precipitation, completing the cycle.
Question: Discuss human impact on hydrological cycle
withdraw
domestic use
Irrigation in agriculture and industry
Change speed of water
Adding pollutants to water
Discharge
cities: building road or channeling rivers underground or in concreted areas
canalizing
making reservoirs such as dams, barrages and dykes
Divert
diversion to avoid flood/damage
divert to improve storage(dams)
Storage in hydrological cycle:
organisms
soil
various water bodies: oceans, groundwater (aquifers), lakes, rivers, atmosphere, glaciers and ice caps
Composition of earth's water
Fresh water is only made up of small fraction of earth water
storage
Impact of human activities on surface runoff and infiltration
insufficient of water for adequate plant growth
Type or irrigation change from total flooding(paddy field) to spray and drip irrigation
Irrigation reduce earth albedo by 10%(dark green crops replace sandy surface)
compaction reduce pore size, reduce infiltration
ploughing increase infiltration
waterlogging increase salinization
agriculture
Deforestation
local climate
light intensity, temperature, wind speed and moisture at ground level increases. Organic matter decomposed at faster rate. Raindrop impact increases, EVT decreases, EVT in grassland 1/3 TRF, annual rainfalll reduced, overland runoff increases
reduce infiltration rate
reduce siil water
increase soil erosion
lower ground water recharge
change in stream morphology(shape and size), greater flood risk
increase rate of surface runoff
increase frequency of landslides
soil compaction
Reduced forest trap less rainfall. Litter layer reduced. Less inception. Proportion of bare ground increase. Raindrop compacts the soil.
urbanzation
removal of trees and vegetation
initial construction of houses, streets, and culverts
development of residential, commercial and industrial areas
construction of storm drains and channel improvements
high drainage density
porosity and impermeability of 'artificial surface rocks andn soils
Ocean circulation system
driven by:
salinity
concentration salts higher in warm seas due to high evaporation rates
Runoff from most river reduce salinity of ocean
Thawing of large iceberg decrease salinity while freezing increase salinity
salinity level increase with depth
temperature
In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperature in excess of 25 degree Celsius are caused by insolation
From 300-1000m, temperature decline steeply to ablout 8-10 degree Celsius
Below 1000m, temperature decrease uniform 2 degree Celsius in the ocean depth(thermocline)
Resulting difference in water density drives the ocean conveyor belt
As temperature increase, water become less dense
Salinity increase, water become more dense
A cold, highly saline, deep mass of water is very dense
Warm, less saline, surface water is less dense
When large water mass with different densities meet, the denser water mass slips under the less dense mass which drive the ocean conveyor belt
distribute heat around the world, and thus affecting climate
Effect of climate change to conveyor belt?
Thermohaline circulation is a global ocean circulation pattern that distributes water and heat both vertically, through the water column, and horizontally across the globe
Collapse of thermohaline circulation
Warm surface waters move from the tropics to the North Atlantic and extra-warm water surfaces in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the equator
Western Europe, some parts of Asia and many parts of the Americas get warmer than normal, and some parts of Europe get cooler rapidly
Dramatic weather impacts, such as rapid cooling in some parts of the world, and greatly diminished rainfall in agricultural and urban areas
