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Hypertension - Coggle Diagram
Hypertension
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Pathogenesis
Primary hypertension (95%): Multifactorial origin including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Causes increased peripheral vascular resistance and dysregulation of neurohormonal systems (eg: RAAS and sympathetic overactivity).
Secondary Hypertension (5%): renal diseases, endocrine disorders (eg: hyperaldosteronism), medications (NSAIDs)
Definition
• Persistent elevation of blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg for most adults).
• Can be primary (essential) or secondary (due to underlying causes).
Risk Factors
Non-modifiable: old age, males > females, African Americans
Modifiable: obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high-sodium or high-fat diet, excess alcohol intake, smoking
Lab investigations
CBC, Renal function test
Urine analysis: proteinuria or hematuria
ECG or echocardiography for cardiac involvement
hormonal studies
Prevention
routine screening for high risk individuals, public health campaigns for healthy living, manage chronic conditions like diabetes and hyperlipidemia
Treatment
Lifestyle Modifications: Weight loss, DASH diet, reduced sodium intake. Regular exercise and moderation of alcohol consumption.
First-line agents: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics.
Second-line agents: Beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, or other antihypertensives.
Management of Secondary Hypertension: Treat the underlying cause (e.g., surgery for adrenal tumour).
Physical Examination
BP measurement: needs 2 separate positive readings with a 2 week gap in between.
signs of end-organ damage: hypertensive retinopathy, LVH, abnormal heart sounds, signs of stroke
BMI: signs of obesity