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ANSC Lab Exam Review - Coggle Diagram

- - - - nutrient requirement of animal
      - nutritive value of feed ingredients to be used
    - - to provide estimate of what is in complete feed/feedstuff
    - - to make valid comparisons
      - remove influence of moisture
      - %DM
        
        = (sample after dry / sample before dry) x 100%
      - % Moisture
        
        = 100 - %DM
      - Ash Determination
        
        residue after all combustible material has burned off
        
        Principle
        
        Organic matter (protein, carbohydrates, fat, vit) will be burned off completely & only inorganic molecule will be left behind
        
        % Ash
        
        = (ash / sample) x 100%
        
        %Organic Matter (OM)
        
        = 100 - %ash
        
        Crude Protein Determination
        
        measure amount of nitrogen present in sample
        
        Principle
        
        A.A. are main nitrogen-containing compounds for most feedstuff
        
        measure N sample & estimate protein content based on "typical" N content of protein
        
        protein content calculated based on assumed N content of "avg" protein
        
        doesn't distinguish Non-protein N vs protein N
        
        %CP
        
        = %N x 6.25
        
        Kjeldahl Method
        
        measure amount of N present, titration
        
        Dumas Method
        
        N converted to NOx compounds (burned), analyzed by a detector
        
        all nitrogen is in form of protein
        
        all protein is 16% N
        
        therefore 100/16 = 6.25
        
        %N
        
        = (mg N sample / mg sample) x 100%
        
        Problems
        
        essential vs nonessential a.a.
        
        protein N vs non-protein N
        
        relative amounts of A.A.
        
        Ether Extract Determination (Crude Fat)
        
        Principle
        
        extract samples w/ solvent, separate fat from solvent to determine weight of fat in sample
        
        %EE
        
        = (EE / sample) x 100%
        
        Crude Fibre Determination
        
        designed to distinguish carbohydrate materials in low digestibility feed
        
        Principle
        
        remove cell content & soluble materials
        
        1 more item...
        
        Monogastrics
        
        variable but low nutritive value
        
        1 more item...
        
        Ruminants
        
        variable but high nutritive value
        
        %CF
        
        = (crude fibre / sample) x 100%
        
        Nitrogen-free Extract
        
        Principle
        
        1 more item...
        
        %NFE
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sum of other fractions
        
        no extraction
        
        Advanceds Analysis
        
        4 more items...
- - - - Gross energy is measured using bomb calorimetry
      - How well can animals use these nutrients?
        
        Feeding Trials
        
        Control diet vs test diet (1 nutrient diff)
        
        Growth trials
        
        Lactation trials
        
        Production trials
        
        Digestion Trials
        
        Feed diet of known composition for many days
        
        collect feces
        
        analyze
        
        energy consumed vs energy excreted
        
        Nutrient digested
        
        = nutrient consumed - nutrient excreted
        
        Terminology
        
        Digestibility
        
        nutrient percent in feed, absorbed by GI tract
        
        1 more item...
        
        Digestion Coefficient
        
        nutrient proportion retained by animal relative to nutrient intake
        
        1 more item...
        
        Methods
        
        Total collection
        
        1 more item...
        
        Indicator
        
        1 more item...
        
        Apparent digestibility
        
        2 more items...
- - - - every mouthful of feed animal consumes have all needed nutrients in correct balance
    - - to provide missing nutrient in forage/pasture as supplement
    - - assume certain nutrients from main ingredients will be limiting in diet
    - - Nutrient
        
        any chemical element/compound in diet that supports normal growth, reproduction, production or work
      - Ingredient
        
        material added to make complete feed, supplement, premix
      - Ration
        
        what we feed to animal
      - Pearson Square
        
        Single Variable Equation
        
        Calorie:Protein Ratio
        
        = ME kcal/kg / CP%
        
        CP% = ME kcal/kg / ratio