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1.5 systems software - Coggle Diagram

- - - - User interface
        
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        User Interface (UI)
        
        Allows users to interact with a computer.
        
        Different types of UIs exist.
        
        Command Line Interface (CLI)
        
        Text-based interface: Users type commands at a prompt.
        
        Low resource usage: No graphics, so it uses less storage and RAM.
        
        Greater control: Preferred by experienced users and system admins.
        
        Graphical User Interface (GUI)
        
        Common interface: Found in desktops, smartphones, and GPS systems.
        
        Components: Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers (mouse/touchscreen).
        
        User-friendly: Easy to use with visuals and input devices.
        
        Requires more resources: Needs more storage and RAM due to graphics.
        
        Natural Language Interface (NLI)
        
        Everyday language: Users give commands like talking to a person.
        
        Text or voice-based: Example: “Turn on the kitchen lights” to a virtual assistant.
        
        No need to learn commands: Easier for users compared to CLIs.
      - Memory management and multitasking
        
        Ensures data and instructions are in memory for a process to run.
        
        Memory Manager Program performs the following tasks:
        
        Tracks allocated memory: Keeps track of which portions are in use.
        
        Maps memory to processes: Assigns memory to each running process.
        
        Allocates memory: Decides how much memory each process needs.
        
        Manages availability: Determines when memory should be freed for other processes.
        
        OS Management: When a program is opened, the OS:
        
        Loads the necessary data from secondary storage into main memory.
        
        Instructs the processor to execute the required processes to open the program.
        
        Single-Core Processor: A single-core processor can handle only one task at a time.
        
        The OS uses a scheduler to switch between tasks quickly, giving the appearance of running multiple tasks at once (multi-tasking).
        
        Example: Listening to music while working on a document.
        
        Multi-Core Processors: Modern computers have multiple cores, improving multi-tasking efficiency.
        
        Each core can handle one task at a time, but multiple tasks can be processed simultaneously across different cores.
      - Peripheral management and drivers
        
        Device driver:
        
        A program that controls the operation of a specific hardware device (e.g., printer, keyboard, mouse).
        
        Provides an interface for the operating system to interact with the hardware, allowing software to use the device.
        
        Role of the operating system:
        
        Acts as an intermediary between applications and device drivers, preventing direct communication between them.
        
        Applications send data to the OS, which then passes it to the appropriate device drivers.
        
        Installing device drivers:
        
        Drivers are typically installed automatically by the operating system or downloaded from the internet.
        
        For specialist hardware, drivers may need to be installed from physical storage (e.g., a CD from the manufacturer).
        
        Generic device drivers:
        
        If a specific driver is unavailable, the OS may load a generic driver, which may lack certain features or be less efficient.
        
        Example: A gaming mouse without a specific driver may work for basic functions (cursor movement, left/right clicks) but not for extra buttons or advanced features.
        
        Potential issues with generic drivers:
        
        Missing features that the specific driver would provide.
        
        Potential inefficiency, causing slower system performance.
      - User management
        
        Security in Operating Systems:
        
        The OS protects system resources from unauthorized access.
        
        Users can create accounts to ensure only authorized individuals can access the system.
        
        User Permissions:
        
        Admin users can assign specific permissions to other users, like which files they can access or modify.
        
        Admins can also grant permissions to add new users or install/uninstall software.
        
        Security Utilities:
        
        Operating systems often include tools to enhance security, such as:
        
        Firewalls: Block unauthorized network access.
        
        Anti-malware: Protect the system from harmful software.
        
        Software update checks: Ensure the system is up to date with the latest security patches.
      - File management
        
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        File management tasks:
        
        Common tasks include creating, renaming, moving, and deleting files and folders.
        
        These tasks help users organize and manage their files easily.
        
        The operating system controls how data is stored and retrieved.
        
        It tracks the location of files on secondary storage devices for quick access.
        
        Backing storage management:
        
        Refers to non-volatile memory storage devices.
        
        The operating system maintains a directory of file and program locations to speed up access and optimize space allocation.
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