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UNIT 8 - ENDOCRINE DISORDERS - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 8 - ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
DIABETES MELLITUS
a metabolic disorder of multtiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects of insulin secretion, insulin action or both
TYPE 1 DIABETES = IDIOPATHIC OR AUTOIMMUNE B-CELL DESTRUCTION
REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
WHEN BLOOD SUGAR IS LOW
alpha cells in the islets of langerhans secrete Glucagon
Glucagon converts Glucose and stimulates release into the blood so blood glucose rises to normal
BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS HIGH
Beta cells in the islets of langerhans in pancrease secretes Insulin
Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose by the cells also stimulates glycogen formation in the liver, so blood sugar become normal
HYPOGLYCEMIA SIGNS
shaking
fast heartbeat
fatigue
impaired vision
anxiety
HYPERGLYCEMIA SIGNS
extreme thirst
frequent urination
Dry skin
Blurred vision
Nausea
ketone
hunger
KETOACIDOSIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
insulin deficiency
decreased use of glucose by cells lead to HYPOGLYCEMIA
body breaks down fats into fatty acids
glycerol in the fat cells is converted by liver to ketone bodies
Ketone bodies in blood are strong acids that lower serum pH, producing Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemia glycosuria and osmotic diuresis lead to water and electrolyte loss in urine
Hyperglycemia leads to increased ECF osmolality - loss of water from ICF
leading to dehydration
COMPLICATIONS
Heart attack
Loss of circulation causin gslow wound healing
DIabetic retinopathy caused by broken blood vessels in eye
Neuropathy causing pain and loss of feeling
TREATMENT
prevent death & alleviate symtoms
maintain growth & development
achieve bio-chemical control
ELEMENTS
EDUCATION
INSULING THERAPY
ADVERSE EFFECTS
hypoglycemia
lipoatrophy
lipohypertrophy
obesity
insulin allergy
insulin induced edema
insulin antibodies
DIET AND MEAL PLANNING
encourage low salt, low saturated fats and high fiber diet
MONITORING
compliance
HBG tests
HbA1C every 2 months
insulin & meal plan
growth & development
TYPES OF INSULIN
RAPID ACTING
SHORT ACTING
INTERMEDIATE ACTING
LONG ACTING
NURSING DIAGNOSES
UNSTABLE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS related to insulin deficiency
If ketoacidosis/dehydration is mentioned: FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT related to excessive fluid lodd from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis as evidenced by tachycardia/ poor skin turgor
if not dehydration mentioned KNOWLEDGE DEFICIT related to disease condition