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GROUP AND ORGANIZATION, TEAM MEMBERS:, Trần Nguyễn Anh Thư - 245lk60305,…

- - - - Larger, more impersonal groups focused on tasks or goals (e.g., college classes).
      - Subgroups in Secondary Groups
        
        Smaller, specialized groups within a larger organization (e.g., different departments in a company).
    - - Small, close-knit groups with strong emotional ties (e.g., family).
  - - - Efforts to gain status within a group can cause exclusion and conflict ( e.g: Colleagues exclude others to form a stronger in-group.)
    - - The degree of unity within a group.
        => Can lead to positive support but may also promote exclusion, discrimination, or conflict.
    - - A group to which one belongs and feels pride and loyalty ( e.g: A sports team or a close friend circle )
    - - A group to which one does not belong and may feel competitive or disdainful (e.g: A rival team or a different social club) .
  - - - Behavioral Guidance
        
        Directs how individuals behave based on observations.
      - Competitive Messaging
        
        Create pressure to conform.
    - - Friends: Influence fashion, hobbies, and social behavior.
      - Family: Set rules and standards for behavior.
      - Cultural Groups: Shape norms and aspirations.
      - Media (e.g., TV, music videos): Create ideals that influence behaviors and goals.
    - - Groups that encourage positive behavior and values. ( e.g: Supportive peer groups that foster confidence and personal growth.)
- - - - Dyad (2 People)
        
        Ceases to exist if one person leaves.
      - Triad (3 People)
        
        Continues to exist if one person leaves.
        
        Dynamics: Potential for majority influence or 2-against-1.
    - - Strong Bonds
        
        Internal cohesion among members.
        
        Challenges in achieving large-scale goals
    - - Harder to maintain internal cohesion.
      - Attract more attention and resources
  - - - Democratic: Group participation in decision-making.
      - Laissez-faire: Hands-off approach, members self-manage
      - Authoritarian: The leader gives orders, and tasks are completed with minimal input
    - - Men: Expected to take instrumental leadership role
      - Women: Expected to take expressive roles, and face resistance in instrumental roles
    - - Political Candidates
        
        Women face gender biases (e.g., Kamala Harris vs. Hillary Clinton)
        
        Likability Trap: Women are expected to balance competence with warmth
      - Stereotypes in the Workplace
        
        Women’s ambition and leadership are often seen negatively
        
        Women's contributions are often overlooked
    - - Small Groups
        
        Informal leadership, no official structure
      - Large Groups
        
        Formalized leadership with defined roles
        
        Instrumental Leadership: Focus on achieving goals
        
        Expressive Leadership: Focus on emotional health and cohesion
  - - - Conforming: To avoid being singled out
      - Avoiding Conformity: To express individuality
  - - - Social Influence: People follow others’ cues on how to act.
      - Fear of Judgment: Worrying about making mistakes
      - Uncertainty: Lack of clarity makes people hesitate to act
- - - - Meritocracies
        
        Hiring and promotion is based on proven and documented skills
        
        Hierarchy of authority
        
        The chain of command that places one individual or office in charge of another
        
        Impersonality
        
        Takes personal feelings out of professional situations.
        
        Division of labor
        
        Each individual has a specialized task to perform
    - - Utilitarian organizations
        
        Joined to receive a specific material reward
      - Coercive organizations
        
        Include prison or a rehabilitation center
        
        Total institutions
        
        Must be coerced, or pushed to join
      - Normative organizations
        
        Based on shared interests
        
        Receive non-material benefits
        
        Voluntary participation