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UNIT 12 - NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 12 - NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
BRAIN
CEREBRUM
BRAIN STEM
MID BRAIN
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
CEREBELLUM
PHISIOLOGY
majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus
choroid plexus is located in the lateral ventricles posterior 3rd ventricle roof, and caudal 4th ventricle roof
CSF PATHWAY
From the lateral ventricle, CSF travel to 3rd ventricle
from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
after exiting 4th ventricle, CSF flows through the subarachnoid space over and around the brain and spinal cord
eventually reabsorbed into the venous blood system through numerous arachnoid granulations along the dural venous sinuses
HYDROCEPHALUS
excess of CSF in the ventricles and the subarachnoid spaces of the brain
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMMUNICATING: IMPAIRED ABSORPTION OF CSF WITHIN SUBARACHNOID SPACE
NON-COMMUNICATING: OBSTRUCTION TO THE FLOW OF CSF THROUGH THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
both leads to increase accumulation of CSF in the ventricles
ventricles become dilated and compress the brain
when this happens before cranial sutures are closed, skull gets enlarged
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
SPINA BIFIDA: any malformation of the spinal canal and spinal cord
SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA: defect that is not visible externally
SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA: visible defect with external saclike protrusion
SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
SEIZURE: a transitory disturbance in consciousness or in motor, sensory or autonomic function caused by uncontrolled electrical discharges in the brain
CAUSES
brain injury
trauma
infection
mentabolic and neurodegenrative disease
CLASSIFICATION
SYMPTOMATIC: symptoms of underlying disease
IDIOPATHIC: caused by genetically inherited trait
CRYPTOGENIC: unknown cause
PARTIAL: partial electrical activity in area of brain
SIMPLE PARTIAL SEIZURES: person remails alert
COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES: person experiences aura, with altered consciousness
GENERELIZED: affects both hemispheres of brain at once
EPILEPSY: disorders characterized by recurrent seizures rather than a single seizure
VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION
surgical implantation of a device delivering electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve
decreases in seizures reported with quicker recovery
NURSING CARE PLAN
RISK FOR INJURY RELATED TO TYPE OF SEIZURE
RISK OF ASPIRATION RELATED TO LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
INTERUPTED FAMILY PROCESS RELATED TO A CHILD WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
CEREBRAL PALSY
chronic disability of central nervous system characterized by aberrant control of movement of posture as a result of progressive neurological disease
CAUSES
intrauterine infections
Pre-eclampsia
Sepsis
prematurity
meningitis
traumatic brain injury
toxins
TYPES
SPASTIC
ATHETOID
RIGIDITY
TREMOR
ATAXIC
POSSIBLE SIGNS
stiff or rigid arms or legs
clenched fists after 3 months
feeding difficulties
poor head control after 3 months