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UNIT 10, UNIT 10 - GENITOURINARY DISORDERS - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 10
UNIT 10 - GENITOURINARY DISORDERS
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
condition that may involve presence of a significant number of micro-organisms urinary tract
ETIOLOGY
bowel flora: Escherichia coli
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
CHILDREN BELOW 2
fever
failure to thrive
vomiting
sepsis
CHILDREN MORE THAN 2 YEARS OF AGE
hematuria
increased frequency of urination
fever
strong smelly urine
abdominal pain
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys
GLOMERULAR INJURY
Impairment of selective filtering properties of the kidney leading to a decreased GFR
molecules normally not filtered such as constituents of the blood, pass into the urine and are excreted
SIGNS
oliguria
periorbital oedema
loss of appetite
dark coloured urine
hypertension
protienuria
decreased urine output
haematuria
COMPLICATIONS
hypertensive encephalopathy
acute cardiac de-compensation
acute renal failure
MANAGEMENT
maintenance of fluid balance
management of hypertension
Nutrition: sodium and potassium intake limited
Antibiotics
CHRONIC GLOMERULAR NEPHRITIS
variety of disease processes where there is direct attack on the kidney or secondary the previously damaged glomeruli
MANAGEMENT
treatment of underlying disease
some form of CGN treated with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents
dialysis and renal transplantation
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Massive protienuria, pypoalbunemia, hyperlipidemia and oedema and increased glomerular permeability to plasma protien resulting in massive protien loss
TYPES
minimal change nephrotic syndrome
Secondary nephrotic syndrome
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
HYPERALBUMINURIA: glomerular membrane become permeable to protien specially albumin, which leak through the membrane and is lost in urine
HYPOALBUMINEMIA: Reduces serum albumin
HYPERLIPIDEMIA: increased hepatic synthesis of protien and lipids
EDEMA; fluid accumulate in the interstitial spaces and body cavities
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
sudden weight gain
puffiness of the face
Generelized edema
Skin pallor
Labial or Scrotal swelling
decreased urine output
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
prevention of infection
Immunosuppresant therapy
corticosteroid therapy
INGUINAL HERNIA
condition where soft tissue, such as intestine protrudes through a weak spot or tear in the lower abdominal wall
usually appears when infant cries or strains
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
prompt elective surgery
HYDROCOELE
presence of fluid in the processus vaginalis and or result of same developmental defect as in inguinal hernia
UNDESCENDED TESTIS
failure of one or both testes to descend normally through the inguinal canal into the scrotum
HYPOSPADIAS
urethral opening is located below the glans penis or anywhere along ventral surface of the penile shaft
EPISPADIAS
failure of urinary calaization and urethral opening seen on dorsal surface of penile shaft