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Theme 1 Ethical Thought - Coggle Diagram

- - - - This then does not mean it is a metaphysical approach to ethics as it states that moral principles are 'there' in the same way that numbers are
  - - - Once we apply reason or suggest something is worked out through reason, error becomes possible
    - - what kind of things ought to exist for their own sake
      - What kind of action ought we to perform
        
        We ought to perform actions that bring out this intrinsic goodness and this can be supported by the empirical evidence
    - - Good is sui generis - unique without comparison
      - Good is innate - inborn and natural, integral to
      - Good is objective and has the same self evident truths for everyone
      - The self evident concept of good is not a mental state at all
        
        What is obvious to one person may change to the next, however, an objective proposition is self evident meaning that it is evident in itself and does not depend upon normal, natural perception
        
        The number 4 is a self evident truth, it remains true independently of whether we perceive it to be true
    - - Similar to utilitarianism "greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people". Moore's intuitionism could be seen as a form of consequentialist intuitionism
    - - What is good cannot be defined but is known as intuitively
    - - Good cannot be defined with non ethical terms : . good is good
        
        Is pleasure good? I get pleasure from poisoning peoples food. Is that good? = Is pleasure good? i get pleasure from poisoning peoples food but is that pleasure? *(It doesn't make sense))
  - - - moral obligations are obvious
        
        If our moral thinking isn't developed how can we do this?
    - - Pritchard says that we should look at the situation and decide which obligation is grater
  - - - Non injury - not to harm others physically or mentally, avoid harming their health, happiness or character
      - Reparations - making up for injuries one had done to others
      - Beneficence - Do good to others to foster their health.
        
        "Rest on the fact there are other in the world who's condition we can better" ~ Ross
      - Fidelity - keep promises and contracts and not engaging in deception
      - Self-improvement - promote ones own good (health, security, wisdom, moral goodness and happiness
        
        Max Stirner, Egoism, if you've done the other 6 then you've done this one
      - Gratitude - be grateful for benefactions done to you and show it in return
      - Justice - distribute benefits and burdens fairly
      - Friends Runing Generates Nothing But Jokes
      - Similar to Aristotles virtue theory and fletchers cardinal virtues
        
        Something that enables us to develop and cultivate moral goodness
      - They are idyllic expectation, underlying universal expectations of people
        
        Justice
        
        Subjective
        
        Utilitarian
        
        link to the cardinal virtues
      - Deontological as it looks at the actions of an individual
      - They're all beneficial to humans : . they're all significant
      - In some situations the prima facie duties may contradict each other, however Ross says that there cannot be a real ethical dilemma because of the prima facie duties one is always the "weightiest" and overrules all the others. Becoming the ultimate prima facie duty which the individual must perform
- - - - using the same 'natural' terms used to to define maths or science
    - - moral fact existing independently of human beings
      - moral terms can be understood by analysing the natural world
    - - ethical statements are cognitive and can be verified and falsified
      - Assumes that ethical sentences express propositions and can . : be verifiable or falsifiable
        
        the wrongness of murder is as much a fact as the fat that stabbing a heart can stop it
        
        moral facts aren't views or opinions, nor are they based on spiritual or intuitive sense
        
        when I observe that something is wrong it is a moral fact of the universe
      - verified moral statements are objective truths and universal
        
        Naturalism argues that meanings of ethical sentences an be expressed as natural properties without the use of terms such as 'good' and 'right'
  - - - can be reduced to non-ethical natural properties such as desire/pleasure
        
        Natural law & Utilitarianism
  - - - Aquinas
        
        "Natural law is promulgated by the very fact that God instilled it into mans minds so as to be known by them naturally"
      - goodness is linked to the will of God as seen in nature
      - murder is wrong because God commands against murder
      - Gods will =non ethical element
    - - goodness is a fact of pleasure
        
        pleasure = non-ethical element
      - Perry suggests:
        -'good' means 'being an object of favourable interest
        -'right' means 'being conductive to harmonious happiness
      - Perry
    - - Focus on human flourishing and human nature, friendship is good in the sense that it is somehow constant with human needs/nature
      - Aristotle
  - - - Social order and your position are not identical but a structure of reality
      - Bradley believed that to be moral is to live in accordance with the moral traditions of ones country
    - - No man is an island,
        entire or itself,
        Everyman is a peace of the continent,
        a part of a main
        . : never send to know for whom the bell tolls
        it tolls for thee
        
        You can never just be you, we develop through mimicking others. we all have a place in society making us all important
        
        Human beings are social creatures and we a dependant on others for help
  - - - Moore
        
        Naturalistic Fallacy
        
        Moore argued against naturalistic fallacy saying that any attempt to define 'good' in terms of some natural quality was incorrect
        
        open-question argument shows that 'good' is unanalysable
    - - Goodness is something which can be grasped by an act of direct observation
      - Fork analogy:
        
        Relation of idea
        
        Priori - reason and logic
        Analytical - true by definition
        Deductive - use of reason and logic to deduct something
        
        Matter of fact
        
        Posteriori - experience
        Synthetic - additional information used
        Inductive - probable, use of own experience
      - Is//ought fallacy
        
        It is true that smoking is harmful to your health
        . : you ought not to smoke
        
        . : it would be unethical to smoke b/cus it goes against nature
      - Missing premise
        
        This is causing me pain
        
        I don't want to be hurt
        
        This is wrong
        
        Objective
        
        Subjective but makes ^ wrong
        
        Subjective