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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) - Coggle Diagram
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Definition
Congenital heart defect
Opening in the interventricular septum
Types
Perimembranous
Muscular
Inlet
Outlet (supracristal)
Pathophysiology
Left-to-right shunt
Increased pulmonary blood flow
Potential progression to pulmonary hypertension
Risk of Eisenmenger Syndrome (reversal of shunt)
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Asymptomatic (small defect)
Difficulty feeding
Failure to thrive
Tachypnea
Cyanosis (if severe)
Signs
Harsh pansystolic murmur (at the left lower sternal border)
Possible thrill
Signs of heart failure in larger defects
Diagnosis
History & Physical Exam
Murmur detected in infancy
Imaging & Tests
Echocardiography (with Doppler)
Chest X-ray (cardiomegaly or pulmonary markings)
ECG (may show hypertrophy)
Cardiac catheterization (rarely needed)
Complications
Heart failure
Growth retardation
Pulmonary hypertension
Infective endocarditis
Arrhythmias
Management
Small VSD
Often closes spontaneously
Regular monitoring
Moderate to Large VSD
Medical management (diuretics, ACE inhibitors)
Nutritional support
Surgical repair (patch closure)
Catheter-based closure (select cases)
Prognosis
Excellent with early diagnosis and treatment
Risk of complications if untreated
Prevention
Genetic counseling
Avoidance of teratogenic exposures during pregnancy