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Collapse of the USSR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - All Soviet republics were controlled from Moscow despite having their own Supreme Soviets
      - Corrupt leaders within Russia and the republics themselves
      - Glasnost = many people were aware about Stalin not liking the republicans
      - Republics' governments were controlled by the local and ethnic groups but KGB were all Russians who maintained central control and was one of the basis for the USSR's rule on the people
      - Local/ethnic cadres did better under Brezhnev than the leaders before them
    - - The abrupt halt of Brezhnev investing in the Soviet republics because of the oil crashes stagnating the USSR economy and worsening the S.O.L
    - - Dissidents being released from prison = can influence people to turn against the USSR + Glasnost = able to voice out own opinions
      - More Slavs and Russians implying that they were superior than the ethnic groups and that the USSR was just another version of an empire while ethnic groups were the colonies
      - Soviet nationalism emphasised mainly = emphasis on Russian values which angered the local/ethnic groups as they had no representation & had to revoke their own identities
  - - - USSR did not have the right to intervene in the affairs of the satellite states anymore & the republics can rule however they like
- - - - by sharing info/data about the USSR to society
    - - Focusing less on Party apparatus & allowing debates within councils
      - Using the Politburo less
      - To limit GOSPLAN's power
  - - - Aims
        
        To be open about USSR's economy
        
        To gain support from public as hardliners did not support him
      - Methods
        
        Liberalising media hoping that intellectuals would criticise the Party
        
        Horrors of Stalin exposed
        
        Leninism & Marxism criticised
        
        Allowing foreign newspapers in 1988
        
        Soviets had less faith for communism after that
        
        Dissidents of communism like Andrei Sakharov released because Gorbachev wanted his support
      - Consequences
        
        Gorbachev kana maki pasal ya telampau lambat mereform
        
        Soviet republics mau putus sama USSR
        
        Party inda brapa stabil pasal kana maki saja
    - - Background
        
        Gorbachev inda payah ada govt kuat utk meluluskan reformsnya
        
        Yeltsin mau constitution tapi Communist Party inda buleh ikut manakala Gorbachev mau sesuatu yg buleh membagi ya kuasa
      - Outcomes
        
        Gorbachev inda jua dapat menguasai Supreme Soviet so ya sekati membuat President position utk dirinya supaya ya ada power
        
        Tapi dgn position ani ya ada 18 bulan emergency power utk handle isu ekonomik sama conflict di USSR
    - - Elections
        
        Multi-candidate
        
        Soviets buleh sokong utk berbagai ketua Communists tapi inda buleh sokong politicians luar Party Communist
        
        Multi-party
        
        Outcomes of elections
        
        Party ilang kuasa over government sal power decentralised ertinya reforms nya linggang2 sal telampau orang smua bibiran
        
        Rakyat lebih suka radicals dari communists
- - - - Poor planning & distribution
    - - Issues with labour productivity & labour discipline
      - Low standards of living
      - Lack of modern machinery & storage facilities
  - - - Prices of market reforms were too expensive for Soviets who were used to subsidies
      - Distribution inda effective sal systemnya dimansuhkan
        
        Shortages during 1990
      - Banyak strikes
    - - Rationalisation (1985-1986)
        
        small economic reforms (uskorenie) - to modernise the economy and increase growth & production
      - Reform (1987-March 1990)
        
        To introduce markets and political reforms for support of the economy
      - Transformation (March 1990-Aug 1991)
        
        To abandon essential communist elements - e.g. one-party, command economy - contributing to the loss of control for the Party
    - - Continuing the anti-alcohol campaign in state-run factories
      - uskorenie/acceleration - to end economic stagnation & to modernise Soviet economy
        
        Falling oil prices globally led to uskorenie failing even if the USSR made lots of money from selling oil to the West during the 1970s
        
        drop in alcohol revenues (the basis of the USSR economy) resulting to the USSR having to borrow money from the West
        
        Invested on energy production instead of high-tech machinery
        
        USSR economy fell behind compared to other global economies
      - partial market reforms
        
        Law on Individual Economic Activity (Nov 1986)
        
        People could make money from small-scale work e.g. private teaching or maintenance
        
        Law on State Enterprise (1987)
        
        Menarik kuasa GOSPLAN lastu dibagi ke factory management supaya factory managers dapat set harga produk durang sendiri
        
        Gagal pasal Gosplan masih dapat menguasai ekonomi
        
        Price reform = no more subsidies = higher prices to pay = more debt
        
        Law on Co-operatives (1988)
        
        buleh sudah ada private companies yang basar2
        
        Restricting GOSPLAN's power by granting power to the republics
        
        However, this attempt was abolished in 1990 possibly due to the loss of control over the people