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Animal Behaviour - Coggle Diagram
Animal Behaviour
Behavior Modification
intentional or structured use of conditioning or learning procedures to modify behaviour
Habituation
diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus
Paradigm
US → Emotional Activation
US - repetitive → Weak emotional activation
US - repetitive → No emotional activation
Desensitization
intentional or structured habituation program
Flooding
stimulus presentent repetitively at full strength
learn helplessness
Systematic Desensitization
Gradual habituation
used with unhabituated fears or phobias
may be acquired by virtue of classical conditioning
Shaping Behaviour
Classical Conditioning
Terms
US
UR
CS
CR
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previously
neutral
stimulus, after association with US, eventually triggers a CR
unlearned response to US
natural and involuntary cause response
associated
learning
S-S association
association has been learned between 2 stimuli
presentation of S1 predict/evoke mental representation of S2
S-R association
temporary
direct connection formed between a specific S & behavioral R
Paradigm
Internal Appetitive
pleasant/positive
US → Internal appetitive emotion
CS (neutral) → US → Internal appetitive emotion
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Aversive
unpleasant/negative
US → Aversive emotion
CS (neutra) → US → Aversive emotion
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Basics
Acquisition
CS + US = CR
repeated pairings cause CR to become more reliable and grow in magnitude
Extinction
After acquisition
CS is repeatedly presented w/o US
CR becomes weaker in magnitude & occurs less reliably
Refers to CR
Conditioned Suppression
CS paired with
aversive
US
Soon CR appears
may be indicated by flinching or "freezing" of subject
Conditioning
Excitatory
CS more or less reliably
predict US
effective in producing a CR
anticipate + or -
refer to
predictive character
of CS
Inhibitory
CS more or less reliably
predict no US
CS may actually produce response opposite to th CR
Generalization
Once a CS is established, similar stimuli can evoke a CR, with the CR's strength depending on their similarity to the CS
2 similar CS may produce same CR
spread of excitation or inhibition
Irradiation
CS (A) - US → CR (1)
CS (B) - US → CR (1)
used to get animal to distinguish stimulus
Discrimination
New stimulus is presented occasionally with no US, and our CS is presented at other times with US
respond to new stimulus gradually fades
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
food, electric shock, puff of air to eye, brain stimulation, loud noise, caffeine, etc.
classified as
appetitive
or
aversive
more US = easier CR production
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
almost everything can be used
the intensity or general
salience
of stimulus is important in establishing it as CS
in presence of 2 stimulus, more salient could overshadow the less salient
Controls
ensure that any CRs that occur are due to pairing of CS w/ US and not other factors
Check
did animal learn what you intended it to?
Discuss
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Sensitization/ Pseudoconditioning
Non-associative learning
occurs when CS produce a response that looks like CR w/o pairing US
repeated exposure cause bigger & bigger response overtime
animal is unaware
an automatic process
Reinforcement
effect of US
is US a
reward
or an
elicitor
elicitor
produce strong CR by producing strong UR
evidence shows that US does not work primarily as reward
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Operant Conditioning
particular class of response becomes more frequent because it is followed by favorable consequences
A
ntecedent →
B
ehaviour →
C
onsequence
behaviour influenced by consequence it produce
operant learning, we may reward response with food in presence of (discriminative) stimulus
Shaping Behaviour
using instrumental (operant) learning
string together Rs to teach animal to do more complex behaviours
Successive Proximation
technique that enables to modify existing behaviour greatly or create an entirely new behaviour
involves trial & error learning
animal curiosity aids learning
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Theory of Reinforcement
Reinforcers
increase behaviour frequency
Positive
Give
something
pleasant
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Negative
Take away
something
unpleasant
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Punishers
decrease behaviour frequency
Negative
Take away
something
pleasant
Positive
Give
something
unpleasant
temporary effect
Types
Remote
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Social
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Interactive
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Chaining Behaviours
Establishing a Chain
once behaviour is "shaped", it may be made a member of chain behaviours
Note
each desired behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs!
Heterogenous
involves multiple types of behaviours
Homogenous
only one type of behaviour
Schedule of Reinforcement
produce extremely reliable patterns of behaviour that can be maintained as long as desired
provide reinforcement based on passage of time (interval) or response completion (ratio)
Fixed
Interval
schedule reinforce 1st response that occurs after set period of time
many will respond more than necessary
Ratio
require that a given # of responses be made before reinforcement is given
animals on FR schedule behave similarly
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Variable
Interval
provide reinforcement for 1st response occurs after some average period of time
animal cant predict coming reinforcement
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Ratio
reinforcement is delivered after varying # of responses
depend on average requirement of schedule
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Maintenance
after conditioned operant response has been learned
generally maintained as long as reinforcement is at least occasionally present
best maintained on a VR schedule reinforcement
Instinctive Drift
tendency of animal to revert to its innate behaviors, even after trained to perform different behavior
Counter Conditioning
behavioral technique used to change undesirable response to stimulus by associating it with a new, more desirable response
Goal
: replace old response with more appropriate or positive one often by pairing stimulus with something pleasant or rewarding
Abnormal Behaviour
vices & stereotypies
may be pathological signs or method of coping with difficult conditions
IMPORTANT
assess abnormal behaviours as matter of context
Figure out causal factors:
BE A DETECTIVE
Continuum: Normal to Severe
Normal
eating, drinking, resting, interacting socially
Vices
Re-directed
normal behaviours
repetitive
no obvious goal/function
the more they are repeated, they become more abbreviated --> no longer need trigger
Stereotypies
Dysfunctional
behaviour
OCD
abbreviated
fixed action pattern
no longer doing activity time budgets to keep them healthy
stuck in feed back loop
Criteria
repetitive
no obvious goal or function
fixed action pattern
looks identical every single time behaviour is repeated