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ASP MIND MAP - Coggle Diagram
ASP MIND MAP
ATTITUDES
- Definition: A learned tendency to evaluate things (people, objects, events) in a certain way.
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- Influences interactions with others
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- Determines task accomplishment
- Turns crises into solutions
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- Related to a specific issue/object/thing
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- Need satisfaction: Developing favorable attitudes towards things that fulfill needs.
- Social learning: Acquiring attitudes through classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and observational learning.
- Group affiliations: Adopting attitudes to conform to group norms and gain acceptance.
- Cultural factors: Attitudes shaped by societal norms, values, traditions, and religion.
- Personality factors: Attitudes aligning with existing personality traits are easily acquired.
- Stereotypes: Generalized expectations about other groups, influencing attitudes.
- Given information: Media, particularly radio and television, can shape attitudes.
- Congruent change: A favorable attitude becomes more favorable.
- Incongruent change: An attitude shifts in the opposite direction.
- Factors Affecting Change:
- Changing reference group: Aspiring to be like members of a different group.
- Changing group affiliations: Adopting new attitudes to align with a new group.
- Additional information: Information from media or interactions with others.
- Persuasive communication: Attractive and appealing information that influences attitudes.
- Factors influencing effectiveness:
- Source of communication (credibility, attractiveness).
- Content and characteristics of the communication (fear appeals, organization, one-sided vs. two-sided).
- Channel of communication (radio, TV, newspaper).
- Characteristics of the audience (self-esteem, confidence, aggressiveness).
- Thurstone Scale: Measuring attitudes using statements with assigned values based on favorability.
- Bogardus Social Distance Scale: Assessing willingness to engage in social contacts with different groups.
- Likert Scale: Gauging attitudes using statements and an agree-disagree scale.
- Guttman Scale: Measuring attitude intensity with statements arranged in increasing order of intensity.
GROUP PROCESSES
- Definition: A collection of individuals interacting to achieve a common objective.
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- Interaction and communication
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- Socio-psychological factors
- Forming: Dependence on leader, uncertainty.
- Storming: Conflicts, challenges to authority.
- Norming: Shared leadership, cooperation.
- Performing: High creativity, trust, achievement.
- Adjourning: Group disbands after achieving its purpose.
- External conditions: Authority, structure, resources, policies.
- Internal conditions: Roles, norms, conformity, status, cohesiveness, size, intergroup conflict.
- Cohesiveness: The bond that unites group members, characterized by interpersonal attraction, group pride, and commitment to group work.
- Collaboration: Teamwork, innovative thinking, and equal participation to achieve goals.
- Elements of successful collaboration: communication, transparency, engagement, compromise, conflict management, reliability, diversity.
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INTERGROUP RELATIONS
- Definition: Interactions between members of different social, ethnic, or cultural groups.
- Realistic Conflict Theory: Intergroup conflict arises from competition over limited resources.
- Social Identity Theory: Individuals derive identity and self-esteem from group memberships, leading to ingroup favoritism and outgroup bias.
- Nature of Intergroup Behaviors: Competitive, cooperative, neutral, hostile.
- Social Harmony: Peaceful coexistence, respect for diversity, collaboration, equity, and justice.
- Cross-Group Friendships: Reduce prejudice, increase empathy, promote social inclusion.
- Improving Social Harmony: Intergroup contact, education, shared goals, policy interventions, community programs.
- Social Conflict Theory: Conflicts arise from power imbalances and inequalities between groups.
- Types of Social Conflict: Interpersonal, intergroup, intragroup, institutional.
- Resolution Strategies: Negotiation, mediation, arbitration, education/training, collaborative problem-solving.
- Functions of Intergroup Behaviors: Identity formation, group cohesion, survival/resource allocation, social order.
PREJUDICE, DISCRIMINATION, AND STEREOTYPES
- Prejudice: A negative attitude towards members of a particular group.
- Stereotypes: Oversimplified beliefs about traits prevalent among members of a social group.
- Discrimination: Differential treatment based on group membership.
- Development and Maintenance:
- Prejudice/Discrimination: Societal structures, history, situational factors, social learning, conformity, interaction patterns, psychological factors (frustration-aggression, authoritarian personality).
- Stereotypes: Inadequate information, socialization, imitation, tradition, social/cultural distance.
- Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination: Intergroup contact, education, anti-prejudice propaganda, social legislation, personality change techniques.
DIVERSITY IN INDIA
- Definition: Group disparities based on various factors (biological, religious, linguistic, etc.).
- Forms: Religious, linguistic, caste, ethnic, geographic.
- Challenges in Managing: Communication issues, conflicting opinions, hostility, implementation challenges, retaining talent.