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General Features of Cells - Coggle Diagram
General Features of Cells
Cell Theory
Cells are the smallest units of life.
New cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Overview of Cell Structure
Eukaryotic Cells
Features
DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
Internal membranes form organelles
variety
Differences in species and specialized cell type
Prokaryotic Cells
Archaea
found in extreme environments
Bacteria
Functions: digestion, antibiotic production, nutrient synthesis.
Small (1–10 µm), abundant, mostly harmless, some pathogenic.
The Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments
Microtubules
Hollow, dynamic structures
Cytosol
Central site for metabolism
Intermediate Filaments
Rope-like, provide strength
Actin Filaments
Thin, involved in movement and shape
Endomembrane System
Vacuoles: Storage and waste management (varies by cell type)
Nucleus: Contains genetic material
Lysosomes: Breakdown of macromolecules
Golgi Apparatus: Protein and lipid modification and sorting
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough ER: Protein synthesis and sorting
Smooth ER: Detoxification, lipid synthesis
Semiautonomous Organelles
Mitochondria
own DNA
divide by binary fission
ATP production
Chloroplast
own DNA
Photosynthesis
found in plants and algae
Protein Sorting
Post-translational Sorting
Proteins synthesized in cytosol and transported to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisom
Cotranslational Sorting
Begins in cytosol, directed to ER, Golgi, lysosomes, or plasma membrane.