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ENGLISH IN INDIA - Coggle Diagram
ENGLISH IN INDIA
Characteristics & specificities
L2 + L3 = 320 millions; L1 = 200 thousand
"outer circle" (BK theory)
Three language formula
education = Hindi + English + reg. lang
higher educ = English
Sedlatscheck; English =
range of functions
signs of nativization
emergence of local norms
in use over 4 centuries (INDIAN ENGLISH)
merchants, settlers
Brit colo power
official lang Indian Union (with Hindi)
Grammar
"off" to intensify
Progressive tense used freely
Present perfect used with past markers
questions
closed
no inversion
open
same + wh-fronting
specific counting words
ex : lakh = one hundred thousand)
Going back to the beginning
16th century: English in India
++ importance of English in the territory
official lang educ (1835)
" " gvt (1837)
in trading post (EIC)
++ domaines (media...)
1857-1858 : rebellion vs EIC
control of it to Crown
++ English-using Indians
19th nativization of Engl.
transplanted language become native to a people or place
Independance (1947) > national lang = sense of unity
Engl = add lang to Hindi for 15y
but H = not only lang
1965 : riots (Tamil Nadu)
still using Engl in India
1967: Official Languages Act
English became permanent ‘associate official language’
used in Court etc.
diff views of Indian Engl
Progressive
"unifying collection of ling practices"
Conservative
"broken" form of English
Phonology
simplifications of consonant clusters
deletions
epenthesis
regular spelling-to-sound rules
<s> = not <z> in plural
<ed> = /d/ instead of /t/
two identical letters = geminates
Hinglish = code-switching
Beginning an utterance in one language and changing language mid-course