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CH.23 - East Asia, Australia, and Oceania: Land and History 📖 - Coggle…

- - - - Around 5000 BC, the Yellow River Basin
        
        1700s BC, civilization was formed due to the invasion of the Shang people
        
        Afterwards, ruled by several dynasties
        
        13th century, Mongol Empire invades Song Dynasty
        
        In 1279, Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty.
    - - Mongolia's leaders' internal strife
        
        Weakening of the Yuan Dynasty
        
        Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) founded the Ming Dynasty and unified China
        
        Emperor Yongle moved the capital to Beijing and built the Forbidden City
        
        1644, Manchu invaded the Ming Dynasty
        
        The Manchus established the Qing Dynasty and ruled until 1911.
  - - - Silk, a new writing system, paper and porcelain, and a compass.
        
        Huge profits from trade
    - - Shang Dynasty
        
        Early, using hieroglyphs
        
        Simplify and develop into Chinese characters
        
        Currently, there are about 50,000 Chinese characters.
    - - 114 B.C.
        
        About 4000 miles long
        
        Trade in silk, porcelain, tea, incense, spices, and goods
        
        Maritime trade develops, foreign trade is restricted, and use decreases.
    - - Ancient China, built large-scale structures
        
        Grand Canal, 600 BC, over 1000 miles long
        
        Helps to easily transport grain from the river basin to the city
  - - - Confucius (551–479 BC)
        
        Emphasis on moral character and individual social responsibility
        
        After Confucius' death, it was spread by his disciples.
        
        Contributed to the stability of culture and society
    - - Lao Tzu (ca. 500 BC)
        
        The power that leads the universe, "Tao" (the way of nature, harmony with nature)
        
        Man's goal: to be in harmony with the Tao and become one with nature.
    - - 200 AD: Buddhism spread from India to China
- - - - Around 250 AD,
        
        the Yamato clan became the most powerful, establishing a government that ruled Japan for hundreds of years.
    - - Influence of Korea 🇰🇷 and China 🇨🇳
        
        Bronze, iron technology, rice cultivation, Buddhism
      - 5th century
        
        Prince Shotoku learns Chinese culture
        
        Centralized government system and writing system introduced
      - 794 years
        
        Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to Heiankyo.
        
        The Golden Age of Japan: Heian Period (794–1185)
    - - Buddhism becomes the state religion of Japan
        
        Zen Buddhism teaches that we must focus on solving the "Koans"
  - - - Except for the nobles, the rest of the region is plagued by chaos and violence.
        
        Lords hired samurai to protect them from bandits and gangs.
        
        Samurai provided military and administrative services.
        
        Samurai and their families formed a legally separate social class.
    - - 1100s, power struggle between two clans, fierce war
        
        30 Years of Battle, Minamoto Clan's Victory
        
        In 1192, the shogun system was established and the shogun took over most of the power.
        
        In 1274 and 1281, the Kamakura Shogun defeated the Mongol invasion.
        
        Shogun unable to pay salaries to samurai
        
        Samurai ask individual lords for support, leading to many battles
    - - 1560s, fighting subsides
        
        1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu becomes shogun and moves the capital to Edo
        
        In 1543, Europeans brought guns and goods in exchange for gold and silver.
        
        1549, Catholicism spreads to Japan
    - - In the 1630s, Christians were ordered to leave Japan.
        
        Most trade with Europe is banned.
        
        Japan remained closed to the outside world for 200 years.