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ENGLISH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - Coggle Diagram
ENGLISH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A multilingual territory
Louisiana biligual until 1845
New Mexico's lang = Spanish (20th)
Pennsylvania =Dutch/German
ROOTS = colo
++ German immigrants
proclamation tranlated
"German vote of 1795"
open to biligualism (attract)
1918 Babel Proclamation of Iowa
illegal not to speak Engl
Arrival + birth of Am English
17th-18th : many English varieties spoken in every American colony
process of leveling
marked differences erased (++ understandable)
All social ranks used similar speech forms (no upper-class)
koineization = common lang of a larger area
Hugh Jones
"abuses, corruptions" so diff pov
English lang = every domaines
nat lang = new
= nationality or culture
"the language makes the people"
Noah Webster (1758–1843)
spelling reform, omitting unnecessary letters
books
An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)
The American Spelling Book (1783)
= simplify > literacy
ids into public consciousness
plurilingual
Taylor Swift
shows diff varieties of Am Engl
West, Midland, WPA...
PA --> TN (pronounciation
country + pop
Lexical spe
loanwords (flora, landscapes)
"verbing"
ex : to vacation/medal
Grammar spe
prepositons
X shall
PP less frequent
Phonology spe
many mergers = two or more phonemes merging into one
Cot-caught merger
Father-bother merger
Mary-marry-merry merger
Hurry-furry threeway merger
Weak vowel merger
MORE CONSERVATIVE
Pre-nasal /æ/ tensing
[a] = [ai]
flapping /t/ /d/ flaps [r]
California vowel shift
Uptalk
always high-rising terminal intonation