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Urinary System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nephron
        
        Anatomy
        
        Renal Tubules
        
        filtered fluid from nephron flows into this system of tubes
        
        Proximal convuluted
        
        straight
        
        Loop of Henle
        
        limb
        
        thin ascending
        
        descending
        
        thick ascending
        
        Distal convuluted
        
        connecting
        
        Collecting duct
        
        collect urine from nephrons
        
        Renal Corpuscle
        
        Bowman's capsule
        
        cup shaped hollow structure at the inflow end of renal tubules
        
        Glomerulus
        
        network of capillaries
        
        empty fluid from blood into bowman's capsule
        
        2 more items...
        
        surrounded by glomerular capsule
        
        continuous with renal tubule
        
        site where blood is filtered
        
        Juxtamedullary
        
        long loop of henle
        
        deep in cortex-medulla
        
        15-20%
        
        responsible for medullary osmotic gradient
        
        important for conserving water
        
        produce urine
        
        blood supply
        
        vasa recta
        
        Cortical
        
        short loop of henle
        
        80-85%
        
        in almost entire renal cortex
        
        produce urine
        
        filtrate & reabsorb
        
        nutrients & wastes
        
        Blood supply
        
        peritubular capillaries
        
        Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
        
        Mascula densa
        
        special chemoreceptors
        
        sense NaCl
        
        release prostaglandin E2
        
        1 more item...
        
        Stimulus
        
        Low tubular NaCl
        
        1 more item...
        
        High Tubular NaCl
        
        1 more item...
        
        Juxtaglomerular (JG)
        
        Stimulus
        
        Low tubular NaCl
        
        1 more item...
        
        Decrease BP
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sympathetic situation
        
        1 more item...
        
        High tubular NaCl
        
        1 more item...
        
        <1 million in kidney
        
        structural and functional units of kidney
        
        carry out all physiological processes that form urine
        
        Blood Supply
        
        Efferent arteriole
        
        Capillary Beds
        
        Vasa recta
        
        Peritubular capillaries
        
        drain interlobular veins
        
        arcuate veins
        
        interlobar veins
        
        1 more item...
      - Ureter
        
        transport urine from kidneys to bladder
      - Bladder
        
        stores urine
      - Urethra
        
        excretes urine from bladder to outside of body
  - - - Glomerular Filtration
        
        glomerulus -> bowman's capsule
        
        bulk flow of plasma
        
        driven by Starling forces
        
        capillary walls
        
        pressure gradient
        
        3 more items...
        
        protein-free plasma movement
        
        (GFR) rate of blood filtered through glomeruli to kidney per unit of time
        
        125 mL/min or 180 L/day
        
        indicator of kidney function
        
        low = disease
        
        sum of starling forces in renal corpuscle
        
        cross three barriers
        
        Epithelial cell
        
        Base membrane
        
        prevent filtration of proteins & blood cells
        
        Capillary endothelial cell
      - Reabsorption
        
        tubules -> peritubular capillaries
        
        movement of filtered solutes and water lumen of tubules --> plasma
        
        solutes & water not reabsorbed --> excreted
        
        most not regulated by hormones
        
        Solute
        
        6 more items...
        
        Water
        
        1 more item...
        
        Proximal Tubule
        
        mass reabsorber
        
        70% water & sodium
        
        100% glucose
        
        brush border
        
        provide large SA
        
        non-regulated
        
        no hormonal control
        
        most filtered nutrients, ions & water reabsorption location
        
        65-70%
        
        Active
        
        sodium-potassium pumps
        
        1 more item...
        
        Passive
        
        diffusion
        
        1 more item...
        
        essential for reclaiming vital solutes & water before fine-tuning
        
        leaky tight junctions
        
        allow paracellular transport
        
        driven by concentration & electrochemical gradients
        
        Distal Tubule
        
        regulated transport across epithelium
        
        water reabs regulated in principal cells by ADH
        
        tight junctions
        
        limit paracellular transport
        
        regulated by hormones
        
        Aldosterone
        
        ↑ Na+ reabsorption
        
        ↑K+ Secretion
        
        ADH
        
        insert aquaporins to collecting duct
        
        ↑ water reabsorption
        
        Secretion
        
        K+, H+
        
        secreted to tubular fluid for excretion
      - Secretion
        
        peritubular capillaries -> tubules
        
        some solutes are actively transported
        
        same barrier as reabsorption
        
        opposite transport mechanism of reabsorption
        
        K+
        
        H+
        
        Urea
        
        1 more item...
      - Water conservation
        
        Loop of Henle
        
        establish conditions needed for concentrate urine
        
        Descending Limb
        
        permeable to water (not solutes)
        
        water reabsorbed to medulla
        
        concentrates tubular fluid
        
        Ascending Limb
        
        Impermeable to water
        
        allows active transport of Na+, Cl-, K+ to medulla
        
        create high osmolarity in medulla
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Ionic Composition
        
        Control excretion/absorption of ions and phosphates
        
        Ions
        
        Na+
        
        K+
        
        Ca2+
        
        1 more item...
        
        phosphates
        
        HPO4^2-
        
        H2PO4-
      - Volume and BP
        
        Adjust water excretion to maintain plasma volume and BP
      - Osmolarity
        
        Maintain solute conc. by controlling water excretion
      - pH
        
        Maintain blood pH by controlling bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ion (H+) levels
    - - Wastes and Toxins
        
        Excrete metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid) and foreign substances (drugs, pesticides, feed additives) through urine
  - - - Erythropoeitin
        
        stimulate erythrocyte production
      - Renin
        
        need for production of angiotensin II
        
        regulate BP
    - - degrade certain a.a. & glycerol
        
        supply glucose to plasma
- - - - encased in a fibrous, non-distensible membrane
  - - - Renal Cortex (reddish brown)
    - - Renal medulla
        
        renal pyramids w/ papillae tips
    - - Renal Columns
  - - - conducting ducs
        
        minor calyces
        
        merge into 2-3 major calyces
        
        funnel into renal pelvis