Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - External
        
        Transportation in blood
        
        Exchange between blood and body tissues
        
        Pulmonary ventilation
        
        Exchange between lungs and blood
        
        exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmosphere and body tissues
        
        lungs -> blood -> body tissue
      - Internal
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
        
        O2 -> cell -> mitochondria
  - - - Upper Airways
        
        Oral cavities
        
        Pharynx
        
        Nasal Cavities
        
        Respiratory Tract
        
        Larynx
        
        Conducting Zone
        
        Trachea
        
        Bronchi
        
        Secondary bronchi
        
        1 more item...
        
        transport air
        
        Functions
        
        air passage way
        
        150-1500 mL volume
        
        1 more item...
        
        increase air temperature to body temperature
        
        Humidify air
        
        add water vapors to inspired air until 100% humidity
        
        filter inspired air
        
        trachea & bronchi
        
        prevent virus, bacteria & inorganic particles reach alveoli
        
        Epithelium
        
        Goblet cells
        
        secrete mucus
        
        1 more item...
        
        contain immunoglobulins
        
        Ciliated cells
        
        move particles toward mouth
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mucus escalator
        
        prevent mucus from accumulating in airways
        
        clear trapped foreign matter
        
        force mucus to move upwards
        
        can be damaged from smoking
        
        secretion of watery saline layer is essential for functional mucus escalator
        
        1 more item...
        
        Lungs
        
        3-4 right lobes
        
        2 left lobes
        
        more lobes = more SA
        
        if one is damaged, other is still functional
        
        Cartillage
        
        maintain structure
        
        diameter of airways becomes smaller going down by increase in number
  - - - barrier for diffusion
        
        Type I cells + basement membrane
        
        capillary endothelial cells + basement membrane
        
        basement membrane is fused
      - 0.1-1.5 μm thick
      - Function
        
        exchange gases between air & blood
        
        diffusion mechanism
  - - - Structure
        
        chest wall
        
        air tight
        
        protect lungs
        
        thoracic vertebrae
        
        muscle
        
        internal intercostals
        
        away from sternum
        
        external intercostals
        
        towards sternum
        
        diaphragm
        
        pleura
        
        membrane lining of lungs & chest wall
        
        sac around each lung
        
        2 more items...
        
        volume = 15mL
        
        90% water
    - - Pressure
        
        air moves in & out lungs by bulk flow
        
        high P -> low P
        
        Inspiration
        
        lung P < atm P
        
        Expiration
        
        lung P > atm P
        
        Terminology
        
        Atmospheric (P.atm)
        
        = 0mmHg
        
        700 mmHg sea lvl
        
        ↓ as altitude ↑
        
        ↑ underwater
        
        Intra-alveolar (P.alv)
        
        air in alveoli
        
        doesn't empty completely
        
        varies w/ respiration phase
        
        inspiration
        
        negative (-1 mmHg)
        
        1 more item...
        
        expiration
        
        positive (+1 mmHg)
        
        1 more item...
        
        P.alv - Patm
        
        drive ventilation (air movement in & out)
        
        Intra-pleural (P.ip)
        
        inside pleural sac
        
        always negative (normal condition)
        
        always <P.alv
        
        varies w/ respiration pahse
        
        rest
        
        -4 mmHg
        
        inspiration
        
        -6 mmHg
        
        expiration
        
        back to -6 mmHg
        
        negative P due to lung & chest wall elasticity
        
        lung at rest
        
        stretched
        
        1 more item...
        
        chest wall at rest
        
        compressed
        
        1 more item...
        
        opposing force pull on intrapleural space
        
        SA tension hold wall & lungs together
        
        Transpulmonary = (P.alv - P.ip)
        
        distending pressure across lung wall
        
        ↑P
        
        ↑ distending P across lungs
        
        lungs (alveoli) expand
        
        1 more item...
    - - sacs are air tight
        
        puncture
        
        lungs collapse
        
        changes P
      - dogs and cats
        
        pleural cavities
        
        communicate through fenestration
        
        bilateral pneumothorax
      - cattle, horse, swine & humans
        
        unilateral pneumothorax
    - - Air Flow Forces
        
        Flow = (Patm - Palv) / R
        
        R = airflow resistance
        
        rate of airflow
        
        force for flow = pressure gradient
        
        atmospheric pressure constant during breathing cycle
        
        changes in alveolar P
        
        make & determine airflow direction
      - Pulmonary Pressures/Volume
        
        Inspiration
        
        air molecule ↑
        
        lung (alveolar) volume ↑
        
        P.alv↓ < atm
        
        P.alv less negative
        
        airflow stop
        
        P.alv = 0
        
        Thorax expands
        
        Diaphragm contracts
        
        end = no air movement
        
        atm = P.alv
        
        Expiration
        
        lung (alveolar) volume ↓
        
        P.alv↑ > atm
        
        end = no air movement
        
        atm = P.alv
        
        thorax recoils
        
        diaphragm relaxes
    - - Inspire
        
        ↑ thoracic cavity volume
        
        diaphragm contracts
        
        external intercostals
        
        on outermost layer of intercostal spaces
        
        contract
        
        pull down
        
        chest wall & lungs expand
      - Expire
        
        ↓ thoracic cavity volume
        
        diaphragm relax
        
        intercostals
        
        internal
        
        on innermost layer of intercostal spaces
        
        contracts (active only)
        
        external
        
        relaxes
        
        pull up
        
        chest cavity & lungs contract
        
        abdominal muscles
        
        contracts (active only)
        
        normally passive
        
        inspire stop contract
        
        recoil back to original position
        
        ↓ thorax cavity volume
        
        active require expiratory muscles
        
        create greater & faster ↓ thorax cavity volume
  - - - Type I
        
        95% cover surface
        
        make alveolar epithelium
        
        used for gass exchange
      - Type II
        
        secrete surfactant (fluid)
        
        made from phospholipids
        
        prevent alveoli collapse
      - Macrophages
        
        engulf foreign particles & pathogens
        
        connected to communicate to each other
      - Pores
        
        adjacent alveoli connected by pores
        
        air flows between alveoli
        
        allow equilibration of pressure within lungs
    - - site of gas exchange
      - 300 million - 100m^2
      - rich blood supply
        
        capillaries form sheet over alveoli
- - - - Oxygen enter blood at alveolar capillary interface
        
        ↓ lung P
        
        O2 transported in blood
        
        dissolved in plasma
        
        bound to Hb inside RBC
        
        O2 diffuse into cells
        
        CO2 diffuse out of cells
        
        CO2 transported dissolved
        
        bound to Hb
        
        converted to HCO3-
        
        CO2 enters alveoli-capillary interface
        
        1 more item...
        
        Systemic
        
        Systemic
        
        Systemic
        
        Pulmonary
        
        Pulmonary
  - - - Composition of Air
        
        79% Nitrogen
        
        21% Oxygen
        
        Trace amounts of CO2, He, Arg, Ne, & methane (CH4)
        
        Amount of water depends on humidity
        
        0% Humidity
        
        P.air = 760 mmHg = P.N2 + P.O2
        
        P.N2 = 0.79 x 760 mmHg
        
        600 mmHg
        
        1 more item...
        
        P.O2 = 0.21 x 760 mmHg
        
        2 more items...
        
        total atmospheric pressure at sea level
        
        100% Humidity
        
        P.air = 760 mmHg = P.N2 + P.O2 + P.H2O + P.CO2
        
        P.N2 = 0.741 x 760 mmHg
        
        563 mmHg
        
        P.O2 = 0.196 x 760 mmHg
        
        2 more items...
        
        total pressure
      - Partial Pressure
        
        determine gas amount dissolved in liquid
        
        equilibrium
        
        vaporized gas = dissolved gas
      - Solubility
        
        O2 in water
        
        same partial pressure w/ air but different concentrations
        
        low O2 solubility in water
        
        0.15 nmoles/L
        
        more important so it's less soluble
        
        1 more item...
        
        CO2 in water
        
        same partial pressure w/ air and have close concentrations
        
        high CO2 solubility in water
        
        20X higher than O2
        
        3.0 nmoles/L
        
        1 more item...
      - Diffusion
        
        diffuse down pressure gradient
        
        high → low
        
        Mixed → diffuse down partial gradient
        
        high → low
        
        particular gas diffuse down its own partial pressure gradient
  - - - Partial Pressure
        
        CO2 (mmHg)
        
        Atmospheric air
        
        0.3
        
        Alveolar air
        
        40
        
        Pulmonary veins
        
        40
        
        Systemic arteries
        
        2 more items...
        
        O2 (mmHg)
        
        Atmospheric air
        
        Alveolar air
        
        100
        
        Pulmonary veins
        
        100
        
        Systemic arteries
        
        2 more items...
        
        160
        
        Atmosphere
        
        Alveolar
        
        Pulmonary capilarries
        
        Pulmonary veins
        
        Heart
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pulmonary arteries
      - Lungs Diffusion Rate
        
        Between Alveoli and Blood
        
        Minimal Barrier
        
        thin alveolar-capillary membrane
        
        Maximized Efficiency
        
        large SA for gas exchange
        
        Fast Process
        
        facilitate efficient O2 and CO2 transfer
        
        Notes
        
        blood equilibrates w/ alveolar air in 0.25s
        
        completes within first 1/3 of capillary length
      - Gas Exchange in Respiring Tissue
        
        O2
        
        P.O2 systemic arteries
        
        100 mmHg
        
        PO2 cells
        
        Diffusion
        
        blood to cells
        
        1 more item...
        
        P.O2 systemic veins
        
        1 more item...
        
        ≤ 40 mmHg
        
        CO2
        
        P.CO2 cells
        
        ≥ 46 mmHg
        
        P.CO2 systemic arteries
        
        40 mmHg
        
        Diffusion
        
        cells to blood
        
        1 more item...
        
        P.CO2 systemic veins
        
        1 more item...
    - - Gas Exchange & Tissue Metabolism
        
        Exchange Dependence
        
        O2 & CO2 exchange in vascular bed
        
        proportional to tissue metabolic activity
        
        Higher Metabolism
        
        increased metabolism
        
        more gas exchange
        
        Systemic Vein Variability
        
        P.O2 and P.CO2 lvls differ across systemic veins
        
        from vary tissue demands
      - Pulmonary Circulation
        
        Systemic Venous Return
        
        all returns to right atrium
        
        pumped by right ventricle
        
        to pulmonary artery
        
        Blood in pulmonary artery reflects mixed venous gas lvls
        
        P.O2
        
        40 mmHg
        
        P.CO2
        
        46 mmHg
    - - Factors influence partial pressure
        
        Inspired air composition
        
        P.O2 & P.CO2 inhaled
        
        Alveolar ventilation
        
        amount of air that enters alveoli in & out
        
        minute ventilation rate
        
        used in CO2 production
        
        volume of air exchange between alveoli & atmosphere per minute
        
        Metabolic activity
        
        O2 consumption & CO2 production by tissues
        
        Critical Balance
        
        ratio of alveolar vent to O2 use & CO2 made
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Transport
        
        Tissues
        
        CO2 Diffuse
        
        7% dissolve in plasma
        
        23% bind to Hb
        
        carbaminohemoglobin
        
        carbonic anhydrase
        
        3 more items...
        
        reversible
        
        Cell -> Systemic capillaries
        
        P.CO2 = 46 mmHg
      - venous blood
  - - - Transport
        
        2. Hb-O2 dissociation curve
        
        Saturation of Hb
        
        sigmoid (S) shape
        
        positive cooperativity
        
        measure of how much O2 is bound to Hb
        
        1 more item...
        
        100% saturated theory
        
        1 gm Hb carry 1.34mL O2
        
        1.34 mL/g x 150
        
        1 more item...
        
        Normal blood Hb levels
        
        12-17 gm/dL (150g/L)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Venous Blood
        
        25% O2
        
        released to tissues
        
        75% sat Hb
        
        in 5L of blood
        
        40 mmHg
        
        3. other factors affecting affinity of Hb for O2
        
        Right Shift
        
        decreased affinity
        
        Less O2 loading
        
        more unloading O2
        
        1 more item...
        
        High temperature
        
        weaken Hb-O2 bonds
        
        Low pH
        
        1 more item...
        
        Left Shift
        
        increased affinity
        
        More loading O2
        
        less unloading O2
        
        1 more item...
        
        Low temperature
        
        strengthen Hb-O2 bond
        
        High pH
        
        1 more item...
        
        1. Oxygen transport by hemoglobin
        
        Total O2 in Blood = 200 mL
        
        1.5% dissolved in plasma
        
        200 mL x 0.985 = 197 mL O2/blood L
        
        98-98.5% bound to Hb
        
        200 mL x 0.015 = 3.0mL O2/blood L