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Key Themes, Chapter 11, Chapter 5, Chapter 9, Chapter 7, Chapter 6,…

- - - - Glycolysis
      - Pyruvate oxidation
      - Citric acid cycle
        
        by process called
        
        Chemiosmosis
    - - Oxygen
        
        to pull electrons down
        
        Electron transport chain
        
        pumps H+ to create
        
        H+ gradient
        
        uses
        
        1 more item...
    - - ATP
        
        energy for
        
        Cellular work
    - - Glucose
        
        to
        
        CO2 and H2O
  - - - Light energy
        
        to
        
        Chemical energy
    - - Light reactions
        
        where
        
        H2O is split
        
        and
        
        O2 is released
        
        Light-excited electrons of Chlorophyll
        
        reduce NADP+ to
        
        NADPH
        
        using
      - Calvin cycle
        
        where
        
        CO2 is fixed to RUBP
        
        then
        
        3-carbon molecule reduced
        
        to make
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Natural selection
- - - - Symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another organism
        
        Mitochrondreia
        
        Chloroplasts
  - - - Anchoring junction
        
        Firmly attaches cells together
      - Gap junction
        
        Communication channels for adjacent cells
      - Tight junction
        
        Watertight seal between adjacent cells
- - - - at specific locations called
        
        Loci
  - - - if both are the same, the genotype is called
        
        Homozygous
      - if different, the genotype is called
        
        Heterozygous
        
        the unexpressed allele is called
        
        Recessive
        
        the expressed allele is called
        
        Dominant
  - - - Operons
        
        controlled by a protein called
        
        Repressor (or activator)
        
        in active form binds to
        
        Operator
        
        are switched on/off by
    - - X Inactivation
        
        occurs in
        
        Female Mammals
      - Transcription Factors
        
        are proteins that promote
        
        Transcription
      - Alternative RNA Splicing
        
        can produce
        
        Multiple Kinds of mRNA Per Gene
    - - Cancer
- - - - RNA
        
        Transcription
        
        is performed by an enzyme called
        
        RNA Polymerase
        
        DNA
        
        is a polymer made from monomers called
        
        Nucleotides
        
        comes in 3 kinds called
        
        mRNA
        
        rRNA
        
        tRNA
      - is performed by structures called
        
        Ribosomes
    - - Amino Acids
- - - - by
        
        Passive transport
        
        moving down
        
        may be
        
        Diffusion
        
        of
        
        Small non-polar molecules
        
        Facilitated diffusion
        
        of
        
        Polar molecules and ions
        
        uses
      - by
        
        Active transport
        
        moving against
        
        Concentration gradient
        
        uses
        
        Transport proteins
        
        requires
        
        ATP
        
        Molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells
        
        Need ATP to make DNA and RNA
- - - - Bind to active site of enzyme
        
        slows down or stops
        
        Enzyme-catalyzed reactions
    - - Bind on enzyme outside of active site
- - - - Organism produced by asexual reproduction, exact copy of parent
- - - - The brakes for cell division, when they stop working, cells divide uncontrollably, leading to tumors
    - - Controls body structures by activated/inactivated genes
- - - - Receptor must be there to let signal molecule through cell membrane
- - - - because
        
        When energy transfers, some is lost as heat
- - - - Energy
- - - - can cause
        
        Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
  - - - More than 2n
        
        example is
        
        8n=56
- - - - Susceptible to antibiotics
    - - Plants, animals, protists
    - - Single-celled microorganisms