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Families - Coggle Diagram
Families
Policies
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legislation of abortion 1967- destandardisation of life course, indivdiualism, plastic sexuality
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New right
Thatcher/Abott and Wallace- best with gender roles and a free market to fix homosexuality and divorce
Murray- perverse incentives craeted the welfare dependency that allows lone parents to fall into the underclass
Fitzpatrick 2011 claims underclass is not becuase of lone parenthood but poverty, Gingerbread
solve by tax incentives for married couples, section 28, free market
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Childhood
Cross culturally: children in Bangladesh work from 11 as sex workers, 300,000 child soldiers in 2012, children contributing to finances, Wagg no universal childhood
Aries
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vaccinations, spiltting ages in schools, christianity and parental investment developed child centeredness
BUT were ideas of childhood just different, not non existent
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Jenks
dionysian image of child= innocent, adventurous, moral guidance for exploring dangers, need protection from self
apollonian image of child= children born good but different from adults so need protection from outside world
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Social class
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restricts joining activities, tutoring in education
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Mayall- children are passive recipients of socialisation as they are not to be prepared for adulthood but to enjoy being young
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in 2014, 10% children had a mental health illness in the West due to drugs and suicide
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Ethnicity
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Bhatti interviewd 50 asian families, found emphasis on tradition and family vlaue to still be prevalent
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immigration brings increase family size, less dependency ratio, more benefits, remittance (Harris)
Diveristy
Giddens
reflexivity= ability to chooose own life path, straying from tradition
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Lone parenthood
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Pomatti- chance to help with home work, chance of devoted time
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Causes: widowing, increased divorces, gender identities, less stigma
Marriage/ divorce
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Morgan- marriage out of trend, family is in decline
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Beck- marriage is losing exclusivity due to other labels eg dating,
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Household diversity
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in 2021, there were 4.3 million single person households
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single person households- 13% of families, 53% of which were women living alone
more patchwork families= broken and remarried, step families and chosen families
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LGBTQ diversity
in 2022, there was the highest number of lesbian marrigaes since 2014
Smart- IVF has allowed gay families to increase, and/or lone parent families
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Gender roles
Wilmott and young- symmetrical family as conjugal roles become joint, 72% of families have contributing men to labour
Perspectvies
Feminism
Ruspini- post WW2 created revolution for women in the family, investing in education and paid employment
Oakely- womens movement and individualism has moved us away from gender roles eg shared parental leave 2015
Gabb 2008 mother is a learnt role as a product of society, 'feeling rules' are internalised and expected
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Functionalists think... Parsons- expressive and instrumental roles for a divison of household labour
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Oakely no shared roles as Y&W's question was broad, more gender equality in middle class
Domestic violence
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Dobbash- historical culture of acceptance, masculinity
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Demographics
fertility rate
causes of decline: contraception, inflation, child centeredness
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deaths
why? medical improvements, imrpoved public health, changings lifetsyles, social factors
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ageing
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Impacts: Key strain on NHS, more single hosueholds, affects politics because voters are older so policies favour them, less working population, more pensions
Perspectives
Functionalists think... Cumming believes the elderly block opportunity BUT oudtaed because of advances in health?
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Neo marxist think... Vincent argues its structured dependecny with the elderly forced to be dependent
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Structure: increase family size, Brannen bean pole family
migration
pull factors= economic stability, high wages, emplyment oppportunites Raghurum
push factors= war conflict, polciitcsl instability, refugees Raghurum
emmigration causes- elderly retire to warm countries (France, Australia, Spain), return to country of origin
immigration causes: increase fmaily diversity, globalises England, encourages multiculturalism, craetes hybrid identities, increases fertility rates
net migration of -26000 in 1900, now is 800000 in 2023
Examples: Windrush post WW2, Ukraine war, Gaza war, Sunak "stop the boats"
Impacts: increased population, gentrification, increase fertility rate, increase family size, ethnic diversity, increase beanpole family
Perspectives
Functionalists think.. lowers working age (good for economic function), increasing family size not good for isolated nuclear family- needs to be geographically mobile
New right think.. increase dependency class,
Marxist think.. Vincent forced by structured dependency, explouted for migrant work
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Gloablisation
Impacts
ethnic diversity, multiculturalism
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encourage trade, economic growth
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