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Heartland Theory
Emphasises the strategic importance of controlling land and resources through dominance, often requiring the use of hard power.
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He argued that Eurasia was in the centre of the world, fertile, highly useful in resource terms, and difficult to invade due to natural barriers.
Viewed Russia as the pivot state, because of her central position to assert power throughout the world island.
Dominating the region gives a state the ability to project power outward, influencing surrounding regions through hard power tactics.
He wrote “He who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the world island; he who commands the world island rules the world”
Hard Power Vs Soft Power
Soft power
The ability to persuade others to follow their lead with the use of appealing and attractive policies, attractive culture, or morals. No force involved.
Examples
America’s export of fast-food culture to the wider globe via TNCs is an example of soft power. It has changed the way we eat globally.
Compared to France and Italy who have a ‘slow food’ culture which has been less influential.
China opened Confucius institutes globally. These institutes teach Chinese and chines culture. They are government funded and free. There are 5 in the UK alone.
Hard power
Involves using force to coerce a country. Hard power involves a country’s use of military force, economic sanctions, or other coercive measures to influence other nations.
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Smart power
The strategic combination of soft power and hard power to achieve national aims. It recognises that neither soft nor hard power alone is sufficient in complex global contexts. For example, military might was more important in the 1900s when people had less contact with others around the world.
Examples
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China's belt and road initiative
China has been building ports, railways, roads and safe shipping routs across Eurasia. They span from the eastern tip of Kazakhstan to the UK.
Smart power because China would often build military bases at the same time as they built a port.
China invests in infrastructure (soft power) while maintaining military assertiveness in contested regions (such as the South China sea).
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Superpower index
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Effective?
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THis is an effective method as it removes bias, though it may give a narrow interpretation of the true nature of the nation.
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