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UNIT 5 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 5 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
FETAL CIRCULATION
Organs like lungs and liver not fully functional
OXYGENATION IN THE PLACENTA: placenta acts as the site for oxygen and nutrient exchange, as the fetal lungs are non-functional
UMBILICAL VEIN: oxygen-rich blood from the placenta flows through the umbilical vein towards the fetus liver
DUCTUS VENOSUS: most blood bypass the liver via the ductus venosus and enters the inferior vena cava, delivering oxygenated blood directly to the heart.
LEFT ATRIUM AND AORTA: blood from the left atrium enters the left ventricle and is pumped into the aorta, supplying oxygen-rich blood to the brain and body
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD RETURN: deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta via the umbilical arteries for reoxygenation
After birth, the placenta is detached, baby starts breathing. The shunts (foramen ovale, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus) close, and the lungs and liver take over their respective functions
DEFINITION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
structural abnormalities or defects in the heart or blood vessels near the heart that are present at birth.
CLASSIFICATIONS
ACYONOTIC HEART DISEASE
Increase pulmonary blood flow
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT: an abnormal opening between the left and right atria
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT: an opening between the left and right ventricles
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS: failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth
TREATMENT FOR TERM: if still open at 3 months, coil closure by cardiac catheterization
TREATMENT FOR PRETERM: can be closed medically by using Indomethacin
obstruction of blood flow
COARCTATION OF THE AORTA: congenital condition where a segment of the aorta is narrowed, obstructing blood flow and increasing blood pressure.
TREATMENT:
digoxin & diuretic
Surgery (stenting)
PULMONARY STENOSIS: congenital heart defect characterized by the narrowing of the pulmonary valve or the area just below or above it.
AORTIC STENOSIS: condition where the aortic valve is narrowed, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta and the rest of the body
CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE
mixed blood flow
TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES: The aorta and pulmonary artery are switched.
TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS: a single vessel comes out of both ventricles
decrease pulmonary blood flow
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT: 4 defects including VSD, pulmonary stenosis, Overriding aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy
TREATMENT:
holding baby in knee chest position
Morphine
Oxygen, beta blocker, GA
TRICUSPID ATRESIA: a congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve, which connects the right atrium to the right ventricle, fails to develop
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASES
heart murmur
SOB
Fatigue
Poor weight gain
Frequent respiratory infections
Sweating during feeding
CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHD
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: inability of heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the sytemic circulation at normal filling pressures to meet the bodys metabolic demands
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPENSATORY MECHANISM
heart initially tries to meet the demands for increased cardiac output through several compensatory mechanisms called cardiac reserve
hypertrophy and dilation of the cardiac muscle
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous sytem
HYPOXEMIA
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
IMPROVE CARDIAC FUNCTION
REMOVE ACCUMULATED WATER AND SODIUM
DIET RICH IN ELECTROLYTES NEED TO BE GIVEN
DECREASE CARDIAC DEMAND
IMPROVE TISSUE OXYGENATION
NURSING CAREPLANS
DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT RELATED TO STRUCTURAL DEFECT AND DYSFUNCTION
INEFFECTIVE BREATHING PATTERN RELATED TO PULMONARY CONGESTION
INCREASED FLUID VOLUME RELATED TO ACCUMULATION OF FLUID (EDEMA)
ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE RELATED TO IMBALANCE BETWEEN OXYGEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND
ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS RELATED TO POOR CARDIAC FUNCTION AND FATIGUE
ALTERED FAMILY PROCESS RELATED TO A CHILD WITH LIFE THREATENING ILLNESS