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Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction - Coggle Diagram
Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction
Altered Endocrine Function
Clinical Manifestations:
Fatigue, weight changes, temperature intolerance, mood swings.
In hypersecretion: Tremors, increased sweating, tachycardia.
In hyposecretion: Dry skin, hair thinning, cold intolerance.
Diagnostic Criteria:
Blood tests for hormone levels (e.g., thyroid, adrenal, pituitary).
Imaging studies (e.g., MRI, CT scan).
Treatment Modalities:
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for hyposecretion.
Medications to block excessive hormone production (e.g., methimazole for hyperthyroidism).
Surgery or radiation for tumors in endocrine glands.
Altered Metabolic Function
Clinical Manifestations:
Weight gain, fatigue, difficulty losing weight, increased hunger.
In hyperlipidemia: Fatigue, chest pain, high blood pressure.
Diagnostic Criteria:
Fasting blood glucose or HbA1c for insulin resistance.
Lipid profile for hyperlipidemia.
Treatment Modalities:
Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise).
Medications (e.g., metformin for insulin resistance).
Statins or fibrates for hyperlipidemia.
Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Clinical Manifestations:
Growth issues (in children), abnormal menstruation, infertility.
Headaches, visual disturbances (due to pituitary tumors).
Diagnostic Criteria:
MRI/CT for pituitary tumors.
Hormone assays (ACTH, FSH, LH, GH levels).
Treatment Modalities:
Surgery or radiation for tumors.
Hormone replacement therapy (e.g., cortisol, thyroid hormone, GH).
Dopamine agonists for prolactinomas.
Thyroid Disorders
Clinical Manifestations:
Hypothyroidism: Weight gain, lethargy, constipation, cold intolerance.
Hyperthyroidism: Weight loss, tremors, heat intolerance, anxiety.
Diagnostic Criteria:
TSH, free T4, and T3 levels (low in hypothyroidism, high in hyperthyroidism).
Thyroid scan/ultrasound for structural issues.
Treatment Modalities:
Hypothyroidism: Levothyroxine (T4 replacement).
Hyperthyroidism: Antithyroid medications (e.g., methimazole), radioactive iodine, thyroidectomy.
Adrenal Disorders
Clinical Manifestations:
Addison’s Disease (adrenal insufficiency): Fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hypotension.
Cushing’s Syndrome (excess cortisol): Weight gain, purple striae, easy bruising, hypertension.
Diagnostic Criteria:
Addison’s: Serum cortisol levels, ACTH stimulation test.
Cushing’s: 24-hour urine cortisol test, dexamethasone suppression test.
Treatment Modalities:
Addison’s: Corticosteroid replacement (hydrocortisone).
Cushing’s: Surgery (tumor removal), radiation, steroid-sparing drugs (e.g., ketoconazole).
Disorders of Reproductive Hormones
Clinical Manifestations:
PCOS: Irregular periods, hirsutism, acne, infertility.
Menopause: Hot flashes, mood swings, vaginal dryness, osteoporosis risk.
Diagnostic Criteria:
PCOS: Ultrasound (ovarian cysts), elevated testosterone.
Menopause: Elevated FSH, absence of menstruation for 12 months.
Treatment Modalities:
PCOS: Oral contraceptives, metformin, anti-androgens (e.g., spironolactone).
Menopause: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), SSRIs for mood changes, bisphosphonates for osteoporosis.