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Memory and Cognitive Science - Coggle Diagram
Memory and Cognitive Science
Memory Formation
Encoding
Types
Visual Encoding - Processing images.
Acoustic Encoding - Processing sounds.
Semantic Encoding - Meaning-based processing; deeper recall.
Methods
Automatic Encoding - Effortless (e.g., trauma).
Effortful Encoding - Intentional (e.g., studying).
Storage
Sensory Memory - Milliseconds; raw input.
Short-Term Memory (STM) - ~7 items; prefrontal cortex.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Explicit - Events (episodic) & facts (semantic); hippocampus.
Implicit - Skills; basal ganglia, cerebellum.
Hippocampus - STM to LTM conversion.
Retrieval
Context-Dependent - Recall linked to environment.
State-Dependent - Emotional/physical state aids memory.
Causes of Forgetting
Decay - Unused memories fade.
Interference - Competing memories disrupt recall.
Cognitive Biases
Types
Anchoring Bias - Initial reference skews decisions.
Confirmation Bias - Preferring supportive information.
Availability Heuristic - Overestimating based on vividness.
Loss Aversion - Stronger fear of losses vs. potential gains.
Hindsight Bias - Overconfidence after outcomes.
Causes
Evolution - Speed > precision.
Heuristics - Mental shortcuts under limited resources.
Emotional Influences - Skew rationality.
Decision-Making
Neurobiology
Prefrontal Cortex - Rational analysis.
Amygdala - Emotional reactions.
Dopamine System - Reward evaluation.
Models
Rational Choice - Unrealistic perfection.
Dual-Process Theory
System 1 - Intuitive, quick.
System 2 - Analytical, slow.
Influences
Risk Aversion - Losses overweight gains.
Temporal Discounting - Preferring immediate rewards.
Social Influences - Peer pressure.
Applications
Nudges - Behavioral economics techniques.
Neuroplasticity
Mechanisms
Hebbian Learning - Co-activated neurons strengthen connections.
Synaptic Plasticity
LTP - Strengthens active pathways.
LTD - Weakens unused connections.
Structural Changes
Dendritic Growth - New neural connections.
Pruning - Efficiency by removing redundancies.
Factors
Age - Younger = more plastic.
Enrichment - Stimulating environments.
Exercise - Boosts BDNF.
Sleep - Memory consolidation.
Applications
Rehabilitation - Stroke recovery.
Learning - New skills boost plasticity.
Mental Health - CBT restructures thought patterns.
Brain-Machine Interfaces - Controlling prosthetics.
Research
TMS - Enhancing plasticity.
Psychedelics - Opening plasticity windows.