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Topic 1 - Memory - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Techniques that increase how long information is held in short term memory providing time for encoding to operate
    - - A technique where repetition of information allows it to be held in short term memory for a longer period (e.g saying a phone number aloud or in your head over and over)
    - - A technique allowing information to be encoded into long term memory by attaching meaning to it (e.g. relating new information with prior knowledge, chunking, mnemonics, mental pictures, acronyms)
  - - - Episodic memory
        
        A type of declarative memory for personally significant events (e.g. recalling getting a puppy)
      - Semantic memory
        
        A type of declarative memory for impersonal factual knowledge (recalling the number of days in a year)
      - A type of long term memory for factual information, requiring conscious effort for retrieval (explicit memory)
    - - A type of long term memory for skills (the way to do things, not easily explained in words), not a conscious memory it involves automatic and effortless retrieval once skill is well established (implicit memory) e.g. how to ride a bike
- - - - Stimulus is visible light
      - Sense organ is the eye
    - - Stimulus is sound waves
      - Sense organ is the ear
    - - Stimulus is chemical
      - Sense organ is the nose
    - - Stimulus is chemical
      - Sense organ is the tongue
    - - Stimulus is mechanical
      - Sense organ is the inner ear
    - - Stimulus is pressure, pain and thermal
      - Sense organ is skin
    - - Stimulus is mechanical
      - Sense organ is joint, muscle and tendon receptors
  - - - Is when action potential travels down the axon of the sensory neuron towards the brain
    - - Is when neurotransmitters transmit the signal across the synapse/where two neurons meet
- - - - External cues are the environment or the way the information is presented
      - Internal cues are the physical or psychological state of the person
  - - - Is where previously stored information (old memory) interferes in the retrieval of a new memory
    - - Is where a new memory affects the retrieval of previously stored information
  - - - The involuntary subconscious process to push certain thoughts and memories out of one's conscious awareness
    - - A deliberate and conscious effort to push certain thoughts and memories out of one's conscious awareness
  - - - Are neurochemical/physical changes that occur in an individual's brain when they learn new information
- - - - 60 male and female students from a university \
      - Convenience sampling as Craik and Tulving were based at the university
    - - List of 60 words
      - Set of 3 questions and a list of 180 words that incorporated the original 60 words
    - - Independent variable
        
        The type of encoding used to memorise a list of words, structural, phonemic and semantic encoding
      - Dependent variable
        
        Number of words recalled
      - Research design
        
        Experimental
    - - Participants were told that the research was on perception when it was not
      - Participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions, 1. Structural encoding 2. Phonemic encoding or 3. Semantic encoding
      - Participants were presented with a list of 60 words about which they had to answer 1 of 3 questions that required participants to process the word in a particular level of analysis
      - Structural
        
        E.g. Is the word printed in capital letters or lower case?
      - Phonemic
        
        E.g. Does the word rhyme with...?
      - Semantic
        
        Activated asking either categorical; questions (is the word an animal name?) or sentence questions (would the word fit in the sentence he met a __ in the street?)
      - Participants had one hand resting on a yes response key and another hand on a no response key, an encoding question was asked to the participant, a word was then briefly presented to subjects and their response was recorded, the latency (time delay) between word presentation and response was also recorded in milliseconds
      - After completing 60 initial trials subjects were unexpectedly given a recognition retention test for the words, subjects were given a typed list of 180 words comprising of the original 60 words plus 120 distractors, participants were told to check all the words they had seen in the first place
- - - - Encoding information based on auditory qualities/what is sounds like, does the word rhyme with...?
    - - Encoding the physical features of the information/what the world looks like e.g. capital/lower case letters, font size/shape, number of letters
  - - - Processing information by attaching meaning to the information and or linking the information to knowledge currently in the long term store, would the word fit in this sentence...?
    - - Information is encoded semantically based on meaning
- - - - Cause
        
        A progressive disease characterised by changes in the brain that lead to deposits of certain proteins
        
        The brain shrinks as brain cells die
      - Impacts on Behaviour
        
        Get lost in places they used to know well
        
        Eventually forget the names of family members and everyday objects
        
        Misplace items, often putting them in places that don't make sense
        
        Decline in the ability to make sensible decisions and judgements
        
        Forget conversations, appointments or events
        
        Advanced stages forget how to do basic tasks such as dressing and bathing
        
        Repeat statements and questions over and over
      - Impacts on Emotion
        
        Distrust in others
        
        Anger or aggression
        
        Mood swings
        
        Wandering
        
        Loss of interest in activities and social withdrawal
        
        Loss of inhibition
        
        Depression
  - - - WKS Cause
        
        WK syndrome damage occurs most notably in the thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum
        
        Korsakoff's psychosis
        
        Condition that is usually associated with chronic alcohol misuse and severe alcohol use disorder through poor nutrition (vitamin B deficiency)
      - WKS Impact on Behaviour
        
        Lack of muscle coordination that can affect posture and balance and can lead to tremors e.g. involuntary movements in one or more parts of the body
        
        Lack of energy, hypothermia, low blood pressure or coma
        
        Vision problems such as abnormal eye movements (e.g. back and forth eye movements called nystagmus), double vision, misaligned or crossed eyes and eyelid drooping
        
        Confusion
      - WKS Impact on Emotion
        
        Repetitious speech and actions
        
        Problems with decision making as well as planning, organizing and completing tasks
        
        Hallucinations
        
        Lack of motivation and emotional apathy
        
        Making up inaccurate stories about events or remembering events incorrectly
  - - - CTE Cause
        
        Associated with second impact syndrome, in which a second head injury happens before previous head injury symptoms have fully resolved
        
        Symptoms develop years to decades after the repeated head trauma occurs
        
        Repeated head injuries causing the death of nerve cells in the brain (degeneration) often occurring in contact sports or military combat
      - CTE Impacts on Behaviour
        
        Impulsive behaviour
        
        Aggression
        
        Problems with planning, organization and carrying out tasks
      - CTE Impacts on Emotion
        
        Depression or apathy
        
        Emotional instability
        
        Substance misuse
        
        Suicidal thoughts or behaviour
- - - - Cerebellum forms procedural memories, how to do (implicit)
    - - Cerebellum stores procedural memories, specifically learned sensori motor skills (eg. using a knife and fork)
  - - - The amygdala forms emotional memories particularly those around fear
    - - It is unlikely the amygdala stores memories
  - - - Hippocampus plays a role in declarative memory consolidation, sleep plays a vital role in this (supported by Molasion case study)
    - - Memories are temporarily held in the hippocampus then moved to the prefrontal cortex
    - - Damage to the hippocampus prevents new declarative memories (knowing things) being made
    - - The inability to recall past declarative memories prior to the onset of amnesia
- - - - Form in which information is stored in memory stores
    - - Retention of information in the memory stores
    - - Movement of information from long term memory store to memory of conscious awareness
    - - Fading of memory over time
  - - - A strategy for keeping information in STM or for a longer period of time by repeating the information over and over
    - - Actively processing information to make it more meaningful, it associates new information with other previously retained information so that it can be stored for later use