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4.3 Aquatic Food Production Systems - Coggle Diagram
4.3 Aquatic Food Production Systems
Marine ecosystems and food webs
Very biodiverse
High stability and resilience
Continental Shelf
Has 50% of oceanic productivity but 15% of its area
Upwellings bring nutrient-rich water
Light reaches the shallow seas for photosynthesis
Countries can claim it as theirs to exploit and harvest
Siberian Shelf
Coast of Chile
West coast of Sumatra
Marine Organisms
Benthic- living on or in the sea bed
Pelagic- living surrounded by water from above the sea bed to the surface
Fisheries
Industrial Farming and Hunting
Shell fish- oysters, mussels, molluscs
vertebrates: eels, tuna
Aquaculture
Farming of aquatic organisms in both coastal and inland areas involving interventions in the earing process to enhance production
Steps towards sustainable
Fishmeal uses more trimmings and scraps
Livestock and poultry processing waste is substituted for fish meal
United States Department of Agriculture proven that 8 species of carnivorous fish can get enough nutrient from alternative source instead of eating other fishes
Issues
Tragedy of the commons
Bycatch
Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated Fishing
Environmental Degradation
Climate Change
Impact of fish farms
Loss of habitats
Pollution
Spread of diseases
Escaped species including genetically modified organisms
Escaped species may outcompete native species and disrupt the population
Unsustainable wild fishing industry
75% of fisheries are under threat of over-exploitation
Commercial fishing informed by latest satellite technology
Larger fish fleets with modern technology
Suit of vessels
Trawlers drag huge nets over the seabed virtually clearcutting it
Solutions
Follows the Maximum Sustainable Yield
Enforcing fishing quota
Monitoring and Compliance
Aquaculture Development