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Indian literature, Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Raja Rao, Salman Rushdie,…

- - - - Bhagavadgita
      - Mahabbarata
      - Ramayana
- - - - Language of colonial administration
      - Language of formal education
      - Of imperial domination
    - - Actively used by no more than 5% of India's population
        
        In higher eduaction
        
        International business
        
        Formal domains
      - Gained a new prestige through India's participation in the computer, media, and communication boom
      - The former status is undergoing rapid transformation, but the sociolingusitic structure remains diglossic
    - - Adoption of a fully anglicized curriculum, dismissing the entire heritage of Eastern languages and Oriental loterature as insignificant
      - "Value" of literature and "virtue" of the language
      - Promoted English literature and learning as the best and only way to improve Indian society
      - English Literature as a school subject was first established in the colony before it was eventually introduced at home in 1871
- - - - Madras (1639)
      - Bombay (1664)
      - Calcutta (1696)
  - - - The company's policy towards India was based on the principle of cultural non-intervention.
        
        Company also encouraged and sponsored Orientalist scholars to produce translations and digests of ancient Sanskrit texts, like Sir William Jone's versions of Kalidasa
    - - The 1857 Indian uprising against British rule, generaly known as "the Mutiny", but more appropriately referred to as the First War of Independence
        
        the agenda of the rebellion included popular outrage against territorial annexations and economic oppresion, culminating in the attempt to restore the last of the Mughal rulers to the trone of Delhi.
        
        Britain responded with sheer military force, supressed the rebellion and ended the Company's rule.
        
        India was a crown colony with a viceroy- a splendid and much-coveted post for english high aristocrats-as the monarch's representative.
        
        In 1871, Prime Minister Disraeli declared Queen Victoria to be Empress of India
        
        Since the formalistaion of the colonial rule in India, in the period of late 19th century rivalries growing among European powers, the Raj provided much of the pomp and pageantry for the self-fashioning of the British Empire while, Indian intellectuals grew increasingly restless and estranged from their distant rulers.
  - - - Seen as an act of colonial arrogance, the partition quickly gave a major rallying point to anti-British sentiment and anti-colonial campaigns and was eventually withdrawn.
        
        It served to deepen the rift between Hindu and Muslim communities
        
        Rift began to be institutionalized with the 1906 foundation of the All India Muslim League, since 1913 with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as its leader
        
        In 1916, the two main nationalist movements joined forces wthen the Pact of Lucknow established a temporary agreement between the Muslim League and Congress.
  - - - Unrest went especially high in Punjab and in 1919 reached a bloody climax in Amristar when some four hundred civilians were killed in a massacre.
        
        Gandhli, a London-trained lawyer from Gujarat who had first become politically active fighting racist politics in South Africa
        
        concept of satyagraha, peaceful violation of laws recognised as unjust
        
        In 1921-22, at a high point of Hindu-Muslim unity, Gandhi launched a Non-cooperation Movement, calling for the use of hand-woven cloth as a symbol of India's economic self-sufficiency
        
        In 1931, Gandhli launched a Civil Disobedience campaign with a 287 mile march to the Gujarati coast
  - - - in 1942 Congress issued a "Quit India" resolution, while Muslim leaders openly campaigned for a separate Muslim state in the Northwest
        
        rising tensions between religious factions led to a bloody civil war in 1946
- - - - Born in Bombay, in a highest Anglo-indian society, is a prominent figure in Anglo-Indian literature, known for his works that reflect colonial experiences.
      - "Plain Tales from the Hills"(1888) and "The Jungle Books,"(1894/95) exemplify place writing and the cultural entanglements of the Raj.
        
        He became the unacknowledged bard of Empire
        
        so his work, with its many racist overtones, has long been studied in colonial discourse analysis
      - "Kim" (1901) explores surveillance and hybrid identity, the complexities of colonial relationships.
        
        hybrid, in the sense defined by Bhabha i.e. a figure of colonial anxiety.
    - - addresses cultural
        misunderstandings and the challenges of cross- cultural interactions during British rule.
      - examination of colonial dynamics and the intricacies of belonging and identity.
      - tensions between different cultural perspectives and the impact of colonialism on personal relationships.
      - steeped in the rhetoric of classic travel writing.
  - - - The foundation of Indo-Anglian literature began with S. D. Mahomet's "The Travels of Dean Mahomet," 1794
        
        highlights transcultural experiences of Indian writers who navigate multiple literary traditions.
        
        the first English book by an Indian author
        
        example of the transcultural career and double consciousness characteristic of most Indo-Anglian writers
      - The term "twice-born fiction"
        
        the dual consciousness of authors, who engage with both Indian and Western literary forms.
      - Henry Derozio (1809-31) and his poem "The Harp of India"
        
        managed to employ the received cultural forms to articulate nationalist concerns.
- - - - explores the power of story telling and narrative inventions in producing, rather than merely reproducing
- - - - as the author notes in his preface, "the tempo of Indian life must be infused into our English expression
      - tap on the resources of local history and the legendary annals of village life