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UNIT 5 - ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 5 - ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE
sudden and life-threatening deterioration of gas exchange function of the lung and indicates failure of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation or ventilation for the blood
DEFINITION
ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE
A decrease in PaO2 to less than 50 mmHg (hypoxemia) and an increase in PaCO2 to greater than 50 mmHg (hypercapnia), with an arterial pH of less than 7.35
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Deterioration in the gas exchange function of the lung that has developed insidiously or has persisted for a long period after an episode of acute respiratory failure
RESULTS FROM INADEQUATE GAS EXCHANGE.
NOT A DISEASE BUT A CONDITION THAT RESULTS FROM ONE OR MORE DISEASES INVOLVING THE LUNGS
CLASSIFIED INTO:
HYPOXEMIC
Insufficient o2 transferred to the blood
HYPERCAPNIC
Inadequate CO2 removal
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OXYGENATION FAILURE MECHANISMS (HYPOXEMIC)
decrease in the oxygen supply to the tissues
caused by mismatch of ventilation and perfusion
gas exchange is impaired at the level of alveoli capillary membrane
UNDERLYING CAUSES: pneumonia, ARDS, HF, COPD, pulmonary embolism
VENTILATORY FAILURE MECHANISMS (HYPERCAPNIC)
The presence of an abnormally high level of CO2 in the circulating blood, which can occur with or without hypoxia
caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation
UNDERLYING CAUSES:
increased airways resistance
reduced breathing effort
a decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
EARLY SIGNS
impaired oxygenation
restlessness
-fatigue
headache
dyspnea
air hunger
tachycardia
hypertension
AFTER PROGRESSION
confusion
lethargy
central cyanosis
diaphoresis
respiratory arrest
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVES OF TREATMENT
To correct the underlying cause
to restore adequate gas exchange in the lung
Intubation and mechanical ventilation may e required to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation while underlying cause is corrected
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Monitor respiratory status: responsiveness, ABGs, pulse oximetry, and vitals.
Prevent complications: maintain tube patency, oral hygiene, and proper positioning.
Identify and address factors impairing oxygenation: anemia, sepsis, acidosis, or fever.
Provide patient education on the condition and care plan.