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Essentials of Digestion and Cellular Metabolism II - Coggle Diagram
Essentials of Digestion and Cellular Metabolism II
I. Digestion of Carbohydrates
A. Begins in the Mouth
Salivary Amylase
B. In the Stomach
No Carbohydrate Digestion
a. Destruction of Salivary Amylase
C. In the Small Intestine
Maltose Conversion
a. Maltase to Glucose
Dextrins Further Digested
a. Forms Other Disaccharides
i. Maltose
ii. Isomaltose
iii. Lactose
iv. Sucrose
b. Disaccharidases Role
i. Maltose → Glucose
ii. Isomaltose → Glucose
iii. Lactose → Galactose + Glucose
iv. Sucrose → Fructose + Glucose
D. Absorption of Monosaccharides
Into Blood and Liver
Energy Source: ATP
II. Metabolism Basics
A. Types of Metabolism
Aerobic Metabolism
a. Requires Oxygen
b. Produces Pyruvate
Anaerobic Metabolism
a. No Oxygen Needed
b. Produces Lactate (Lactic Acid)
III. Cellular Respiration
A. Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
a. Formation of Two Pyruvates
Pyruvate Oxidation
a. Formation of Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
a. Oxidation of Acetyl CoA
b. Production of NADH, FADH2, ATP
c. Continuous Cycle with Oxaloacetate
Electron Transport System
a. ATP Synthesis from ADP
b. Oxygen to Water Conversion
c. Catabolic Reaction
IV. Production of ATP
A. Overall Reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30-32 ATP
B. Steps
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System
V. Energy Pathways
A. Sources of Energy Besides Glucose
Fats/Triglycerides
a. Break Down to Glycerol and Fatty Acids
b. Beta-Oxidation to Acetyl CoA
Protein Digestion
a. Proteolytic Enzymes
b. Gluconeogenesis from Amino Acids
VI. Connections Between Pathways
A. Glycolysis
B. Lipolysis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Gluconeogenesis
VII. Summary
A. Energy Sources
Glucose
Lipids
Proteins
B. Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Control Points in Glycolysis
Enzymatic Control (Hexokinase, Pyruvate Kinase)
VIII. Important Notes
A. Ketogenic Diet
Low Carbohydrate, High Fat
Ketones as Energy Source
B. Clinical Applications
Diabetes and Metabolic Conditions
Importance of Enzyme Function