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Foreign Policy Treaties of Henry VII - Coggle Diagram
Foreign Policy Treaties of Henry VII
Spain
march 1489 Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) and Henry signed the Treaty of Medina Del Campo
marriage alliance of prince Arthur of Wales and princess Catherine of Aragon
equal trading rights for merchants
not to harbour pretenders or rebels
mutual protection
not to make a treaty with France without consulting the other first
1499 arrangements for the marriage did not run smoothly as couldn't agree on the dowry amount and Ferdinand was reluctant due to Warbeck threatening Henry's stability
1501 the marriage took place and Henry used this as propaganda to help further establish the Tudor Dynasty
1502 prince Arthur died
Henry wanted to make France feel surrounded to stop helping pretenders/claimants such as Warbeck so proposed the marriage of prince Henry and Catherine but Ferdinand was reluctant
1504 Catherine and her dowry were not allowed back to Spain, and Isabella of Castile died, which made Ferdinand less of a significant figure, also meaning Henry looked for a better match for Henry due to Spain's uncertain future
1506 Joanna (Catherine's sister) and Philip, and Henry's secret Treaty of Windsor due to them becoming shipwrecked on the way to Spain to claim the throne
left Henry diplomatically isolated as Ferdinand was able to regain the throne, outsmarting him, and he did not maintain the relationship. he ensured the marriage with prince Henry wouldn't happen
Burgundy
most of England's exports went through Netherland's ports of Antwerp and Bruges, which came under Burgundy's jurisdiction so was important to maintain a good relationship
Margaret (widowed Duchess of Burgundy) was the sister of Edward IV and Richard III and the leading upholder of the Yorkist cause, especially powerful with Maximillian as her step-son
1493 Maximilian became the Holy Roman Emperor, and with his son Philip, offer hospitality to Warbeck
1494 Maximilian passed over jurisdiction of Burgundy to Philip
between 1493-6 Henry decided on an embargo on English trade with Burgundy to ease tensions (forbade ships to leave or enter its ports). this meant he sacrificed the commercial interests of London and the East Coast merchants which ruined his popularity
this was a punishment for Burgundy although it put two of his foreign policy objectives into conflict with each other (securing dynasty, encouraging trade)
1496 Henry and Philip agree on the Intercursus Magnus which restored normal trading links and brought the trading embargo to an end
1504 Queen Isabella of Castile (in Spain) died, giving the crown to Joanna (Philip's wife from 1496)
1506 Philip and Joanna had to stay in England for 3 months and in this time, they decided on the Secret Treaty of Windsor
this saw Henry recognise them as the rulers of Castile and he promised to help them gain control, in return Henry and Philip agreed on Intercursus Malus which was favourable to English merchants and Philip handed over the pretender Suffolk
however, this treaty never came into effect as it was not agreed to by the Burgundians but relationships had been restored by the following year
Scotland
1486 Henry arranged a 3 year truce with James III
1488 James III was killed and 15 year old James IV had accession to the throne. the nobles who governed on behalf of him were very hostile
June 1495 James came of age and offered hospitality to Warbeck from 95-97 by granted him a yearly income and marriage to his cousin
1496 James encouraged Perkin to cross the border with a small army, which spent little time in England, received no support from Northumberland, and retreated to the border when word of an English force heading towards them came
Henry started to then raise a larger army to launch an invasion of Scotland
September 1497 Truce of Ayton was signed, agreeing to a 7 year truce, as Warbeck proved of little value to James. James agreed to not attack England but didn't end the Auld alliance with France
was the first worthwhile agreement between the countries since 1328
1502 the treaty matured into the Treaty of Perpetual Peace which agreed to end the intermittent warfare and led to the Union of the Crown 1603
James would marry Henry's daughter princess Margaret which took place in 1503
this is a sign the Tudors were recognised by foreign powers
however James declared war on England 11 years later so was not a long-term improvement of relations
Brittany and France
initial relations with France were positive as the French Court supported Henry's claim to the throne and helped him land in Wales from France in 1485
relations with Brittany were not that important to Henry at first as he focused his efforts on the major powers but when their position threatened his aims, he took interest
1485 treaty with France
1468 Anne of Beaujeu regent of Charles VIII wanted to incorporate Brittany into the Kingdom of France due to Duke Francis II of Brittany's lack of male heir (only daughter also named Anne) and the situation in Brittany became unstable by then
France wanted to strip Brittany of its independence after his death due to his lack of male heir
1487 the French act on this with a first invasion of Brittany that occurs due to Anne (Duke Francis' daughter) and Henry initially doesn't get involved in the conflict due to the strength of France and the active pretenders in England
he gets involved in the defence of Brittany as he believed the coastline to the English Channel should not be held by one realm as it would weaken English southern county security, and make Calais more vulnerable
he decided on open negotiations with France after Francis II's death during the invasion to try secure negotiations with either side. while this was happening, he secretly sent English troops to Brittany to aid Duchess Anne's defence due to the
Treaty of Redon February 1489
(she would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany)
he tried to increase alliances through approaching Netherlands, North German States and the Pope for support for the Breton Crisis. Parliament granted a sum of $100,000 in 1489 for this small force of 3000-6000 men. he then moved to strengthen his alliance with Maximilian as he had contracted a marriage by proxy with Anne, therefore he had no desire for Brittany to fall
he made it clear to the French the English forces were acting in defence of Brittany and not trying to reignite claims in France, but Anne feared the futility of prolonged resistance to the French so surrendered in 1490
the French were dissatisfied with his reasons to have an English army in France, so increased the support of Warbeck and sent troops to Brittany to force them to leave
Anne reluctantly marries King Charles III of France, leaving the English army that had just arrived after Parliament's grant of extraordinary revenue marooned in Brittany. the marriage meant Maximilian lost interest in the defence of Brittany due to his proxy marriage to Anne now being void
Henry requested a large force of 12000 men for a campaign in France as it was predicted Charles was focusing his interest on the Italian Peninsula, so could take advantage of this
forces landed in France and the French then wanted peace to allow them to continue interests elsewhere. Treaty of Etaples signed 1492 where English forces leave France for 745000 crowns at 50000 a year to cover his cost of the expedition, and Henry promised to recognise Charles as the Duchy of Brittany whilst France abandoned support of Warbeck and future claimants
relations with France remained intact after the war but no major engagements were won in Brittany and was absorbed by France in 1532. his personal position was strengthened and recognition of the Tudor Dynasty too
Ireland
1477 Gerald FitzGerald (8th Earl of Kildare) became Lord Deputy of Ireland- Henry feared this as he had Yorkist sympathies
1486 the Earl supported the pretender Lambert Simnel and crowned him as King of Ireland- this forced Henry into action
1494 Henry attempted the costly approach of the rule of the Pale through an Englishman, backed by armed force, instead of relying on the cheap unreliable Irish aristocracy
he appointed 3 year old prince Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland and Poynings as his deputy (replaced Earl)
1495 Poynings reinforced his success by requiring the Irish Parliament to pass Poynings' law- made it so the Irish Parliament could not pass a law without any prior approval from the English Crown
the law was too expensive and the financial problems were made worse when Warbeck returned to Ireland and gathered a force
1496 Henry had to recall Poynings as the new administration was too costly, so relied on the cheaper method of using the Earl as his deputy as he had already- Kildare had decided to support Henry
1500 Henry eventually had some level of cheap peaceful authority as he was fortunate the Earl helped him
foreign relations improved
Aims
to gain international recognition for the Tudor dynasty
to maintain national security
to maintain good relations with Europe to enable him to consolidate power at home
to defend trading interests
Western Europe
France had emerged as a much stronger power than England in 1485
French kings had a much larger revenue from tax and were able to use this to fund a powerful army
Scotland was a concern to Henry as it was so close
Henry had previously received French support so had to proceed carefully
Maximilian
King of the Romans from 86 and Holy Roman Emperor from 93
marriage to Mary of Burgundy (Margaret's step daughter) in 77