Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Physics Ib - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Diffraction refers to the bending and spreading of waves as they pass around obstacles or through small openings. Diffraction is most noticeable when the wavelength of the wave is comparable to the size of the obstacle or opening.
    - - Constructive
        
        Occurs when two waves are in phase (their crests and troughs align). The resulting wave has a larger amplitude, as the displacements from the two waves add together.
      - Destructive
        
        Occurs when two waves are out of phase (the crest of one wave meets the trough of another), resulting in a smaller amplitude or cancellation of the wave
    - - The angle at which the wave strikes the boundary (the angle of incidence) is equal to the angle at which it reflects (the angle of reflection). Reflection happens with all types of waves—sound, light, and water waves.
    - - Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another. The change in speed of the wave as it enters a new medium causes it to change direction. Refraction depends on the properties of the two media and the wavelength of the wave.
    - - Waves carry energy from one place to another without transferring matter. The energy in a wave is related to its amplitude and frequency, and the rate of energy transfer depends on the wave type.
    - - Wave propagation refers to the movement of waves through a medium or in space. Waves can propagate in different directions, and the speed of wave propagation depends on the properties of the medium
  - - - Types
        
        Mechanical
        
        transverse
        
        In transverse waves, the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
        
        longitudinal
        
        the oscillation is parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
        
        electromagnetic
        
        These do not require a medium and can propagate through the vacuum of space. Electromagnetic waves consist of electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other.
  - - - Standing waves are a type of wave pattern that forms when two waves of the same frequency and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere with each other. Unlike traveling waves, standing waves do not appear to move forward or backward but instead oscillate in place, creating fixed points of no motion called nodes and points of maximum motion called antinodes.
    - - Waves carry energy from one place to another without transferring matter. The energy in a wave is related to its amplitude and frequency, and the rate of energy transfer depends on the wave type.
  - - - Damped SHM: In real-world systems, friction or other resistive forces cause the amplitude of oscillation to decrease over time. This is called damped SHM.
      - Driven SHM: If an external force is applied periodically to a system, it can drive the oscillations. At certain frequencies, the system can resonate, leading to large oscillations.
- - - - Volume and the number of moles of gas are directly related at constant temperature and pressure.
    - - Pressure and temperature are directly related at constant volume
    - - Pressure and volume are inversely related at constant temperature.
    - - Describes the behavior of an ideal gas using pressure, volume, temperature, and the amount of gas.
    - - : Volume and temperature are directly related at constant pressure.
  - - - device that converts light energy, typically from the sun, directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Here's a breakdown of how solar cells work and their components:
    - - evice used to capture sunlight and convert it into electrical energy through the use of solar cells. Solar panels are the primary means by which solar power is harnessed for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Here's an overview of how they work, their components, types, and uses:
    - - Resistors are essential components in almost every electronic circuit, helping to control and manage the flow of electricity
      - Ohm's law
        
        Ohm’s Law relates the voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit, and it shows how resistors control the flow of electricity
  - - - the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids
        
        Warmer, less dense fluid rises, and cooler, denser fluid sinks, creating a circular motion called a convection current. This movement transfers heat within the fluid.
    - - is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves (such as infrared radiation), and it does not require a medium
        
        All objects emit thermal radiation, and hotter objects emit more radiation than cooler ones. The energy is absorbed by surrounding objects and converted into heat.
    - - occurs when heat is transferred through direct contact between particles in a solid
        
        In conduction, heat moves from the hotter region to the cooler region as particles with higher kinetic energy transfer their energy to neighboring particles with lower kinetic energy.
- - - - First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
      - Second Law: The acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
      - Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
    - - Momentum (p) is the product of an object’s mass and velocity
  - - - Proyectile motion equations
- - - - Gravitational fields can be visualized using field lines, which represent the direction and strength of the field
    - - The gravitational field strength at a point in space is the force per unit mass experienced by a small test mass placed at that point
    - - In a gravitational field, an object has gravitational potential energy due to its position in the field
    - - The gravitational field is based on Newton's law of universal gravitation, which states that every mass attracts every other mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them