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Ethics and deviance in sport - Coggle Diagram
Ethics and deviance in sport
Blood doping
increases a persons red blood cell amount, means higher volume of haemoglobin so more oxygen can be transported to the working muscles .
By removing 2 pints of blood several weeks before competition, the blood is frozen until 1-2 days before when it is injected back into the athlete.
Endurance athletes eg cyclists
risk - increased blood viscosity, increased risk of heart attack
Examples of performance enhancing drugs
Anabolic steroids - athlete can train harder and longer, increasing their strength and aggression
beta blockers - control heart rate , stay calm
stimulants - brain stimulant to increase alertness
Prohibited methods - blood doping, gene doping, enhancement o2 transfer
Legal v illegal
Legal
used to maximise training, however can be viewed as cheating by some as they aid performance.
Advantage - dietary supplements used to improve general health and well being eg sports drinks. help with muscle building, inc stamina, weight control, improving flexiblilty. can be found in powder for eg bodybuilders to inc strength.
performers must stay hydrated as dehydration is detrimental to performance. Many use sports drinks which contain electrolytes which enhances the body's ability to hold water and carbs which give extra energy.
Dis - Presents health risks to performers - they can contain banned substances and not what they claim. sports scientists have concerns of the long term health implications of creatine, as has undesirable effects on immune system + inc risk of cancer. energy drinks have high sugar = obesity + tooth decay. nutritional supplements are arguably not in the spirt of fair play as not all performers have access to them.
Illegal
Reasons to take them : pressure to succeed can affects performers judgements and can resort to illegal means. Influence of coaches often underestimated as under a lot of pressure.
political pressure - politicians wanting to enjoy nations success and putting pressure on athletes. eg the Russian athletics scandal highlights pressure put on coaches and athletes
desire to win
physiological reasons - build muscle, increase energy, train harder
steady nerves and increase motivation
win at all costs
consequences -
health and wellbeing - addictive, lower life expectancy
unfair advantage
sets bad role model
agains laws
Examples -
Lance Armstrong took performance enhancing drugs, received a life time ban and lost millions in sponsorship, took them to level the playing field and to win
Rio Ferdinand - Uk sport turned up at training and told athletes to shower and then do a drug test however, he left after his shower without taking the test. he was charged with failure to do the test 8 month ban and fine. Media claimed he took recreational drugs
Strategies to stop drug use
WADA has responsibility for drug testing and provides assistance to countries anti-doping programmes + funds research
An athlete can be called for drug testing at any time in or out comp
educate - athletes and coaches are educated of the health effects and laws. provide training programmes.
More rigorous on punishments - 2015 WADA doubled the ban for athletes found guilty