Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Reproduction - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hypothalamus releases GnRH → triggers LH & FSH secretion.
      - LH & FSH stimulate sex hormone production → puberty changes occur.
  - - - Mitosis → Cell growth → Meiosis (2 divisions) → Differentiation.
      - Produces many small sperm with little cytoplasm.
    - - Mitosis → Cell growth → Meiosis (2 divisions, uneven cytoplasm split) → Differentiation.
      - Produces one large egg & polar bodies.
        
        Egg fertilization
        
        Mechanisms to Prevent Polyspermy
        
        Acrosome reaction: Sperm enzymes digest zona pellucida → sperm enters.
        
        Cortical reaction: Hardens zona pellucida → prevents further sperm entry.
        
        Blastocyst Development & Implantation
        
        Blastocyst forms after cell divisions.
        
        Implants in the endometrium to establish pregnancy.
        
        Pregnancy
        
        Pregnancy Testing & hCG Detection
        
        Embryo/placenta secretes hCG.
        
        Monoclonal antibodies detect hCG in pregnancy tests.
        
        Placenta
        
        Placental villi provide a large surface area for exchange.
        
        Functions
        
        Nutrient & gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out).
        
        Waste removal (urea, CO₂).
        
        Hormone secretion (progesterone).
        
        Hormonal Control of Pregnancy & Childbirth
        
        Early pregnancy: Progesterone from corpus luteum maintains pregnancy.
        
        Later pregnancy: Placenta secretes progesterone.
        
        Childbirth
        
        Progesterone decreases → allows oxytocin increase.
        
        Oxytocin triggers contractions → positive feedback intensifies labor.
  - - - Epidemiology: Study of disease patterns in populations.
      - Early studies showed a correlation between HRT use & lower CHD incidence.
      - Assumed a cause-and-effect relationship (i.e., HRT protects against CHD).
    - - RCTs: Experiments where patients are randomly assigned to treatment/control groups.
      - Found that HRT actually led to a small increase in CHD risk.
    - - Correlation ≠ Causation: Lower CHD rates were due to higher socioeconomic status (SES) in HRT users.
      - SES is a confounding variable: Higher SES is linked to better healthcare, diet, & exercise, which actually reduced CHD risk.
- - - - Cell specialization
        
        Stem cells
        
        Induced pluripotent stem cells
        
        Stem cell niches
        
        Hematopoietic niche
        
        Hair Follicle
        
        Multipotent
        
        Can give rise to multiple cell types within a specific lineage.
        
        Pluripotent
        
        Can give rise to all cell types in an adult.
        
        Totipotent
        
        Can give rise to all embryonic and adult cell types.
        
        Cell adaptations
        
        Cell size
        
        Examples
        
        3 more items...
        
        Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA)
        
        2 more items...
        
        In the early embryo, certain cells secrete ‘form-giving’ molecules called morphogens.
      - (IVF) treatment
    - - Different anatomy
        (♂︎ and ♀︎)
        
        Ovarian and Uterine Cycle
        
        Consider estrogen as oestradiol