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Teaching The Science of Learning, (Bjork & Bjork, 1992), needs, best…
Teaching The Science of Learning
Spaced Practice
"repeated studying of the information
spaced out over time
will lead to greater retention of that information in the long run"
Definition
Repeated studying of the same information
spaced out over time
Benefits
leads to
Greater long-term
retention
Theory of Disuse
which boosts
Retrieval
strength
Memory storage
strength
Founded
Ebbinghaus (1885)
In Education
Teacher-Led Spacing
Review
past lessons
Homework
assignments
Use of
Softwares
example
Excel Macros
Cumulative
exams
requires
Revisions
Student-Led Spacing
Study in
alternate
days
Challenges
Student
Confidence
prefer
Cramming
Tight Curricula
since spaced practice requires
Front Planning
determine
Ideal Spacing
Gap
Concrete Examples
Importance
Improve
understanding
Memory
of
abstract
concepts
Advantages
Clear & Direct
Visual
Elements
leads to
Better
Memorability
Imageability
(Caplan & Madan, 2016)
Practical Use (Teachers)
Practice
Problems
Instructions
Use
Multiple Examples
Adjust
for Developmental Levels
Balance
Concrete
vs.
Abstract
Examples too
Concrete
Hinder abstraction
Abstract
Confuses
students
Considerations
Consistency
Relevance
Over-reliance
on
Examples
may
Overshadow
the Core Concepts
Surface
Details
rather than
Abstract
Principles
Interleaving
(content done, formatting not done)
"
different ideas or problem types are tackled in a sequence
, as opposed to the more common method of attempting multiple versions of the same problem in a given study session (known as blocking), leads to
increased learning
"
Definition
Different ideas or problem types are tackled in a sequence
Benefits
leads to increased performance in
Problem Solving
Rohrer & Taylor (2007); Rohrer, Dedrick, & Stershic (2015)
Inductive/Distinction Learning
Kornell & Bjork (2008); BirnBaum, Kornell, Bjork & Bjork (2013)
Findings
"Test Potentiated Learning"
Study Learnings + Testing
results increased learning than just
Study Learning
Arnold & Mcdermott (2013)
Application
CAVEAT
There is a lack of evidence in the use of Interleaving of materials from different subjects.
Teachers advising students must proceed with caution.
IMPLICATION
Interleaving practices must be implemented by Teachers, and less by Students themselves
Assistance Tools
*All have built-in interleaving features
Anki
Quizlet
Synap
Quiz Champ
Memrise
Application depending on Subject
Problem-based subjects
Mix questions on Homeworks and Quizzes from previous materials
Inductive/Distinction Subjects
i.e. Languages
Mix Vocabulary Themes
Elaboration
(content done, formatting not done)
"connecting new information to preexisting knowledge about a material increases memory on said material"
Definition
Adding features to an existing memory
Deeply understanding a material
Benefits
Deeper thinking of information
Improvement in information organization
Knowledge transfer in new situations
Application
student sided
elaborative interrogation
questioning the materials being studied with "why" and "how" questions
HOWEVER, as a caveat...
Students must confirm their answers with factual sources (i.e. teachers, material content, etc.)
Self-explanation of concepts
Read material out loud while studying
Disadvantages
"Depth" of understanding is hard to measure
Time efficiency issue
Elaboration requires time
How much time is needed?
cognitive strategy
Retrieval Practice
definition
act of
thinking back
to
bring information
to mind from
long-term memory
Higher-order learning
examaples
Targeted practice
Concept mapping
Feedbacks
Practice tests
benefits
direct
improves memory
improves knowledge application
indirect
decrease mind-wandering
disadvantage
test axiety
solution
low-stakes testing
Dual Coding
definition
use of
multiple
"
codes
" to
understand
information
code meaning
a special
representation
of an information
visual
illustrations
diagrams
text
enactive
act
it out
additional
motor code
drawing
(not just see)
verbal
sounds
founded
Paivio
1971, 1986
benefits
brief information
memorable
easy to understand
disadvantages
increased cognitive load
over-saturation
source of
distraction
(Bjork & Bjork, 1992)
needs
best used for
types
example
provides
example
cause
picture superiority effect
"picture worth a thousand words"
causes