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FALLACIES (những ngụy biện) - Coggle Diagram
FALLACIES
(những ngụy biện)
logical fallacy (ngụy biện logic)
error in reasoning that weakens an argument or renders it invalid
2 main categories
fallacies of relevance
premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion
fallacies of insufficient evidence (not enough evidence)
the premises
logically relevant to the conclusion
fail to provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion
Fallacies of insufficient evidence
Hasty generalisation (ngụy biện khái quát vội vàng)
I met two rude people from New York, so all New Yorkers must be rude.
Drawing a general conclusion from insufficient or biased evidence.
Appeal to authority (ngụy biện kêu gọi thẩm quyền)
Dr. Smith says climate change isn't real, so it must be a hoax.
Using the opinion of a perceived authority as evidence, even if the authority's expertise is unrelated to the topic.
Slippery slope (ngụy biện con dốc trơn trượt)
If we make an exception for Jo’s service dog, then other people will want to bring their dogs. Then everybody will bring their dog, and before you know it, our restaurant will be overrun with dogs, and nobody will want to eat here anymore.
Claiming a specific series of events will follow one starting point, typically with no supporting evidence for this chain of events.
False dilemma/ False dichotomy (ngụy biện song đề sai)
Presenting an argument as if there are only two options when, in fact, there are more.
You are either with us or against us.
Appeal to ignorance (ngụy biện nghĩa vụ chứng minh)
Arguer claims that something is true because no one has proven it false or vice versa.
This is also known as the burden of proof fallacy.
No one has proven that aliens don't exist, so they must be real.
Loaded question
Asking a question that contains an unfair or unwarranted (không có căn cứ) assumption.
A lawyer asking a man on trial for the murder of his wife, “How did you feel after you killed your wife?”
Begging the question (circular reasoning) (ngụy biện cầu xin câu hỏi)
dùng kết luận dưới dạng 1 lý lẽ, dẫn chứng
mặc định rằng điều A đúng bởi vì hiển nhiên nó đúng, chứ không đưa ra một lý lẽ hay dẫn chứng nào thật sự xác đáng
thể hiện qua sự giống nhau giữa luận cứ và kết luận
The Bible is the word of God because God wrote it.
Appeal to tradition
Arguing that something is true or good because it's been done that way for a long time
We should continue this practice because it's our tradition.
Post Hoc Fallacy (False Cause)
Assuming that because one event follows another, the first event caused the seconds.
I wore my lucky socks, and we won the game, so my socks must be lucky.
Fallacies of relevance
Ad Hominem (lập luận công kích)
You can't trust John's economic plan; he's a convicted criminal.
Attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself.
Correlation-causation (quan hệ nhân quả)
Since the Johnson's moved in down the street, there has been an increase in car theft in the area. They must be involved.
Assuming that because two events happened at the same time, one is the cause of the other.
Red Herring (ngụy biện đánh lạc hướng)
Son: Dad, it's really hard to make a living on my salary.
Father: Consider yourself lucky, son. Why, when I was your age, I only made £30 a week.
Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the original issue.
Stawman (ngụy biện người rơm)
Taking another person's argument or point, distorting (bóp méo) it in some kind of extreme way, and then attacking (tấn công) the extreme distortion (sự bóp méo), as if that is really the claim the first person is making
A parent doesn't let their daughter go to a party. The daughter responds with "Why do you hate me?
Equivocation (sự mập mờ)
A statement crafted to mislead or confuse readers or listeners by using multiple meanings or interpretations of a word or simply through unclear phrasing
Cats make great pets. Tigers are cats. That means tigers make great pets.
Bandwagon (ngụy biện đám đông)
the arguer claims that a certain action is the right thing to do because it's popular.
Of course, it’s fine to wait until the last minute to write your paper. Everybody does it!
Appeal to emotion
Using emotional appeals to distract from the facts of an argument
If we don't pass this law, think of all the suffering children!
Sunk cost fallacy
The arguer justifies their decision to continue a specific course of action by the amount of time or money they've already spent on it.
I’m not enjoying this book, but I bought it, so I have to finish reading it.