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Nervous System Salem Boytos Per.5 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Salem Boytos Per.5
Major Parts and Functions of the Brain
Cerebellum: Coordinates voluntary movement and balance.
Brainstem:
Midbrain: Controls visual and auditory reflexes.
Pons: Relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum.
Medulla Oblongata: Regulates vital functions like heartbeat and breathing.
Cerebrum: Responsible for higher cognitive functions, sensory perception, and motor control.
Diencephalon:
Thalamus: Processes sensory information.
Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis.
Classification of Neurons
Motor (Efferent) Neurons: Transmit signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons: Carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perineurium: Encloses bundles of nerve fibers (fascicles).
Epineurium: Covers the entire nerve.
Endoneurium: Surrounds individual nerve fibers.
Major Parts and Functions of the Spinal Cord
White Matter: Transmits signals; consists of myelinated axons.
Functions: Conduction of nerve impulses, reflex integration.
Gray Matter: Processes information; contains cell bodies of neurons.
Spinal Nerves
Components: Sensory and motor fibers.
Regions: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
31 pairs
Major Functions of the Nervous System
Integration: Processes and interprets sensory input to determine an appropriate response.
Sensory Input: Detects stimuli from the environment and transmits information to the central nervous system (CNS).
Motor Output: Sends instructions to muscles or glands to execute responses.
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin: Influences mood and sleep.
Norepinephrine
Dopamine: Regulates movement and reward.
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine (ACh): Stimulates muscle contractions.
Tissues (Structure & Function of Neurons and Neuroglia)
Neurons
Structure: Soma (cell body), dendrites (receive signals), axon (transmits signals), axon terminals (release neurotransmitters).
Function: Transmit electrical impulses throughout the nervous system.
Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
Astrocytes: Support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier.
Microglia: Act as immune defense cells in the CNS.
Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheaths in the CNS.
Schwann Cells: Form myelin sheaths in the PNS.
Ependymal Cells: Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Major Divisions and Subdivisions of the Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements via skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
Sympathetic Division: Prepares the body for "fight or flight."
Parasympathetic Division: Promotes "rest and digest" activities.
Enteric Division: Governs gastrointestinal functions.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Spinal Cord: Conducts signals between the brain and peripheral nervous system; integrates reflexes.
Brain: Processes sensory information, controls motor functions, and governs higher cognitive functions.
Action Potential & the Nerve Impulse
Action Potential: Rapid depolarization and repolarization caused by ion flow.
Nerve Impulse: Sequential action potentials along the axon.
Resting Potential: Negative charge inside the neuron due to ion distribution.
Compare & Contrast the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
Sympathetic: Increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, inhibits digestion.
Parasympathetic: Decreases heart rate, constricts bronchi, stimulates digestion.
Reflex Arc (Major Parts & Functions)
Integration Center: Processes information in the CNS.
Motor Neuron: Sends command to an effector.
Sensory Neuron: Transmits signal to the CNS.
Effector: Executes the response (e.g., muscle contraction).
Receptor: Detects stimulus.
Disorders/Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Demyelination of neurons in the CNS.
Epilepsy: Recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity.
Parkinson’s Disease: Movement disorder caused by dopamine deficiency.
Stroke: Brain damage from interrupted blood supply.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Progressive cognitive decline due to neuronal loss.
Cranial Nerves
Pairs 1-12
Abducens Nerve (VI): Motor nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle, allowing the eye to move laterally.
Facial Nerve (VII): Mixed nerve that enables facial expressions, taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretion from salivary and tear glands.
Trigeminal Nerve (V): Mixed nerve that provides sensory input from the face and controls the muscles of chewing.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII): Sensory nerve involved in balance, equilibrium, and hearing.
Trochlear Nerve (IV): Motor nerve that controls the superior oblique muscle, enabling the eye to move downward and laterally.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Mixed nerve that provides taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue, monitors carotid artery functions, and aids in swallowing and saliva production.
Oculomotor Nerve (III): Motor nerve that controls most eye movements, pupil constriction, and eyelid elevation.
Vagus Nerve (X): Mixed nerve that controls autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract, along with sensory and motor input to the throat.
Optic Nerve (II): Sensory nerve that transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain.
Accessory Nerve (XI): Motor nerve that controls head and shoulder movements through the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Olfactory Nerve (I): Sensory nerve responsible for the sense of smell.
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII): Motor nerve responsible for tongue movements involved in speech, food manipulation, and swallowing.
Drugs of abuse (Mouse Party)
Heroin: Converts to morphine in the brain, binding to opioid receptors to increase dopamine, causing euphoria and pain relief but slowing breathing.
Ecstasy (MDMA): Releases serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, enhancing mood and sensory perception but depleting serotonin, leading to post-use depression.
Marijuana: THC binds to cannabinoid receptors, disrupting memory, coordination, and perception while inducing relaxation and appetite.
Methamphetamine: Triggers massive dopamine release, causing intense pleasure and energy but damaging neurons and reducing dopamine levels with prolonged use.
Alcohol: Enhances GABA and inhibits glutamate, slowing brain activity, impairing coordination, and causing relaxation or memory loss at high doses.
Cocaine: Blocks dopamine reuptake, creating euphoria and energy but depleting dopamine and increasing addiction risk over time.
LSD: Binds to serotonin receptors, altering perception, mood, and cognition, leading to vivid hallucinations and sensory distortions.