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Fibromyalgia - Coggle Diagram
Fibromyalgia
Clinical Manifestations Present in Fibromyalgia
Widespread Pain: Persistent, widespread pain that is often described as aching or burning.
Cognitive Impairments
Sleep Disturbances: Poor sleep quality, non-restorative sleep, and frequent waking.
Mood Disorders
Fatigue: Extreme tiredness not alleviated by sleep; a hallmark feature affecting daily functioning.
Multi-System Alterations in Function
Muscular System:
Decreased Strength and Endurance: Reduced muscle performance, fatigue.
Immune System:
Low-grade Inflammation: Though not overtly autoimmune, subtle immune dysfunction can contribute to systemic inflammation and pain.
Endocrine System:
Impaired Hormonal Regulation: Cortisol and other stress-related hormones are often abnormal.
Nervous System:
Increased Neural Activity: Persistent activation in the brain and spinal cord causes an exaggerated response to pain signals.
Gastrointestinal System:
IBS and GI Symptoms: Altered motility and pain in the digestive tract.
Altered Physiology Leading to Fibromyalgia
Central Nervous System (CNS) Sensitization
Hyperexcitability of Neurons: Overactivity of neurons in the brain and spinal cord contributes to the increased sensitivity to pain (central sensitization).
Neurotransmitter Imbalance: Altered levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which affect mood and pain perception.
Increased Glutamate and Decreased GABA: High glutamate levels lead to excitatory responses, while reduced GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) further exacerbates pain.
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation
Chronic Stress Response: Dysfunction in the stress response leads to prolonged activation of the HPA axis, impacting cortisol levels and overall stress resilience.
Immune System Interaction: Dysregulated stress responses can contribute to systemic inflammation.
Peripheral Nervous System Changes:
Muscle Dysfunction: Poor circulation and dysfunctional responses to exercise, leading to pain and fatigue.
Myofascial Trigger Points: Areas of muscle that are sensitive to pressure and can refer pain to other regions.
Treatment Modalities Used to Restore Normal Function
Pharmacological Treatments
Pain Relievers
Antidepressants
Anticonvulsants
Muscle Relaxants
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Physical Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Mind-Body Techniques
Lifestyle Modifications
Sleep Hygiene
Pacing and Activity Management
Balanced Diet and Hydration