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Themes
Rebellion
Western Rebellion
- Also known as the 'The Prayer Book rebellion'
- Occurred in Edwards reign 1549
- Religious motive due to the First Book of Common prayer being released
- Led by Arundel and occurred in Cornwall
- Peasants joined over resentment for sheep tax
- 5000 peasants killed due to Somersets anger
- Battle in Exeter
Kett Rebellion
- Occurred in Edwards reign 1549
- Hatred for government officials as well as anger for decline in cloth trade
- The south lacked an aristocrat to calm Kett
- Kett and the rebels took over Norwich
- Northumberland sent by Somerset to suppress the rebels
- 3000 rebels killed in the battle
- 49 rebels killed in trial
Wyatt Rebellion
- Occurred in Mary's reign 1554
- Numerous factors for social unrest including, religion, socioeconomic status as well as Mary's marriage to Philip
- Based in Kent, 3000 rebels marched to London but met blocks
- Out manoeuvred the army but still met resistance
- Leaders caught including Jane Grey's father and Uncle who were both killed
- Elizabeth suspected to have been involved but released from tower when not mentioned by rebels
- could have been a large threat if rebels had succeeded in entering London but they couldn't
Foreign Policy
Edward
Scotland :
- Battle of Pinkie 1947
- English Victory over Scots
- Built garrisons but unable to maintain due to high costs
- Unable to take more of Scotland due to weak army
France :
- Treaty of Bolougne 1550
- Saw Northumberland agree Edwards future marriage to Henry II's daughter Elizabeth
- Northumberland dishonoured Henry VIII's policy of wanting to expand as he gave Bolougne back
- Northumberland prioritised the Crowns security over foreign policy
Mary
Marriage :
- Marriage to King Philip II of Spain 1554
- Spain were a leading empire and the marriage secured the alliance to England
- Philip was never pronounced King of England but if a child was born they would see to be the heir to the throne
- Popular discontent surrounding Philip throughout the nation
- Philip often spent his time in Spain away from his wife
- Terms favoured England over Spain
Spain :
- Treaty of Vaucelles in 1556 meant peace between Spain and France
- Treaty broke in 1556
- Philip demanded the support of England, troops, navy, funding
- 6000 troops sent but unable to convince Mary for support
- England provoked by France supporting an exiled protestants invasion
- 1557 England declare war on France, troops in Calais and a furhter 7000 sent to support Spain
- Battle of St Quentin, Philip defeated the French
France :
- 1558 French launch surprise attack onto Calais and take it back in 3 weeks
- Economic loss through loss of trade through Calais
- Humiliating as English Kings claimed Calais since 1347, loss of sovereign English territory
- Last English territory in France but little achieved by maintaining it
Religion
Mary
- 1553 - 1558 Mary ruled as CATHOLIC
- Catholic marriage to King of Spain
- Problem with Edwards previous Protestant rule
- 800 protestants outraged with religious change (gentry, clergy)
- Lack of religious opposition in 1553, arrest of Cranmer, Ridley and Hooper removed opposition from House of Lords
- 1553 Edwards religious laws repealed
- Status of Church resolved in 1553-1554
- Issue of monastic land delayed Church resolution
- Cardinal Pole as papal legate
- 1554 Cardinal Pole arrived and sent to reinstate the Roman Catholic Faith
- Act of Repeal 1555 and removed Royal Supremacy
- 289 protestants burnt at the stake
- Cranmer, Hooper and Ridley all burnt at the Stake
- The Statute of Repeal removed all Edwardian religious legalisation
Edward
- 1547 - 1553 Edward ruled as a PROTESTANT
- Somerset and Northumberland both agreed
- Injunctions made to attack Catholic popular features of Catholicism such as, stained glass windows, images and practises etc.
- Removal of 6 articles as well as Catholic bible 1547
- 1547 Treason Act repealed (religious freedom for Protestants)
- Chantries Act (dissolution) 1547
- Iconcalsm sped up, removal of stain glassed windows and images
- Act of Uniformity 1549
- Book of Common Prayer 1549, Latin bible into English
- Parliament approve removal of Altars 1550
- Treason Act 1552
- Second Act of Uniformity 1552
- Second Book of Common Prayer 1552, fully removed mass
- 1552 Cramners 42 articles
Government
Edward
- Country left in debt from debasement, monastic lands sold off and division on religious grounds
- Regency council set up by Henry VIII , 16 members with balanced decision making
- Somerset was Lord protector but also became Lord President of the regency council
- Somerset favoured the Protestant figures in the council
- Thomas Seymour was Somersets brother (executed) who tried to turn Edward against Somerset
- Northumberland and Southampton removed power from Somerset in 1549
- Northumberland (Warwick) became Lord President of the council
- Northumberland ran the council more conciliar removing presumed enemies
- Plan to alter the succession, DEVYSE
- Mary and Elizabeth declared illegitimate 1553
- Edward died 1553, Lady Jane Grey proclaimed in 1553
Mary
- Mary wasn't prepared to rule England, she hadn't been brought up to rule, had little political instinct
- 50 councillors appointed during her reign
- Mary didn't consult the council to marry Philip
- 9 experienced figures in the council
- Gardiner and Paget made the government effective
- Weakness in the Council made Mary rely on advice from Philip
- Mary had a 'cautious alliance' with her parliament
- First Act of Repeal swept away all religious legalisation from approved from Edwards reign
- 80 MPs opposed the reversal of the legalisation
- The Second Act of Repeal meant Mary felt more confident
Socio - Economic
Edward
5 main issues :
- Population growth - 2.3 million to 3 million
- Poor harvest
- Rising prices
- Increasing poverty
- Enclosure
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Somerset lost the support of the gentry, as he issued a proclamation to try and force landowners into to reverse the course of enclosure
Rising population meant agriculture productivity was unable to keep up and so prices rose, especially with a bad harvest
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Economic situation worsened by the debasement of the currency to finance wars with France and Spain in 1540's
Poverty was so bad because enclosure had decreased the number of workers. The rise in prices meant more were poorer
1547 Vagrancy Act : condemned vagrants to slavery -
- any able bodied person out of work for more than 3 days was to be branded with a V and sold into slavery for 2 years
Mary
- Mary faced economic issues because her administration was still facing financial problems
- The privy council largely adopted the proposals in 1552 and made some drastic changes to the revenue courts in 1554
- the government reaction was to continue the policy, restricting movement of textiles and other industries from towns to the countryside in hopes it would lessen urban unemployment
The economic situation worsened under Mary because of :
- series of bad harvests
- epidemic of sweating sickness, bubonic plague and influenza
- towns hit with high mortality rate and food shortages
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