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Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram
Exam 4
Heredity
Genetic variation
Independent assortment
Metaphase II
Gamete combinations
increase as number of chromosomes increases
Metaphase I
Crossing over
Recombinants
combinations don't resemble parents
Prophase I
Diploid individuals
homologs
similar chromosomal partner
shape
hereditary information
size
Advantages
increased survival chances
evolve defense mechanisms
New allele combinations
Sexual reproduction
Self-pollination
Ovule fertilized by pollen from same plant
Beneficial for genetic variation
Cross-pollination
pollen transferred from one plant to another
Extensions to Mendel principles
Multiple alleles and dominance hierarchy
Traits can be influenced by multiple alleles
Mutattions
Point mutations
change in a single nucleatoid
Chromosome mutations
duplication, deletion, inversions, translocations
Incomplete dominance
heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between phenotypes of homozygous parents
Epistasis
one gene can mask/interfere with another gene's expression
Polygenetic inheritance
continuous phenotypic variation
Linkage
genes located closely on chromosome often inherited together
Pleiotropy
single gene can affect multiple traits
Polyploidy
Organisms have more than 2 sets of chromosomes
can mask deleterious genes
Mendelian genetics
Principle of segregation
meiosis causes gametes to hold one alle per gene
Principle of independent assortment
Genes for different traits assort independaetly
Principle of dominance
Heterozygous individuals, dominant allele can mask recessive allele
ex. Tt
Communities
Population demography
how population changes over time
R-selected
rapid growth, disturbed environments
Growth patterns
Exponential growth
Logistic growth
K-selected
stable growth, close to carrying capacity
Grime's model of plant strategies
Species interaction
Facilitation
both species benefit
mutualism
Commensalism
one species benefits/ other not affected
Amensalism
One species negatively impacted/ other unaffected
Competition
both species negatively impacted
battle for resources
Predation
one species benefits/ other harmed
predator/prey dynamics
Life history
Population genetics
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Gene pool
total collection of alleles in population
Assumptions
No migration
Large population
No mutation
Random mating
No selection
Microevolutionary processes
Genetic drft
random loss of alleles
Bottleneck effect
large population experiences drastic reduction in size
Mutation
changes in nucleic acids that introduce new alleles
Non-random mating
individuals prefer certain traits
Migration
alleles move in/out of population
Selection
Natural selection
certain genotypes increase fitness
Patterns
Artificial selection
humans selectively breed traits
Polymorphism
multiple phenotypes present in a population
