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exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Orientation of bivalents is random
      - During Metaphase II
        
        Orientation of sister chromatids is random
  - - - During Prophase I
        
        Synaptonemal complex forms
        
        Mixes the genes present in homologous chromosomes
        
        Results in new combinations not present in the chromosomes of the parental cells
        
        Sexual reproduction
        
        1 more item...
      - No crossing over:
        
        Fail to mix alleles across homologs
        
        Chromosome inherited same as parent
        
        Only 2 gamete types possible rather than 4
- - - - Breeding experiments to determine dominance
  - - - Deletion:
        Segments of chromosome are lost
      - Duplication:
        Part of the chromosome has doubled
      - Inversion:
        Piece rotates 180
      - Translocation:
        Exchange of parts between 2 nonhomologous chromosomes
      - Transposons:
        Movable genetic element
        Jumping genes
- - - - Each individual has a unique genotype
        
        Genotype is made up of alleles
        
        Phenotypes determined by these alleles (and the environment)
        
        There is no guarantee that an allele will manifest
        
        Heterozygosity
        
        Homozygosity
    - - Alleles are segregated, separated, from one another during meiosis
        
        Each gamete contains only one allele for each gene
        
        Offspring inherit 2 alleles for a gene
        
        One from each parent
        Inherit a homologous chromosome
        
        During meiosis, 2 members of a gene pair separate from each other
        
        Each gamete has an equal chance to inherit either one of the genes
        
        1 more item...
    - - Gene pairs that are not related (homologs) segregate independently
        
        Gene pairs that are not linked segregate independently
        
        Evidence provided from a dihybrid cross
        
        3:1 phenotypic ratio for each of the 2 alleles