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Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - population size (N)
      - Exponential growth
        
        J- Shaped
        
        Unlimited resources
      - Logistic growth
        
        S-shaped curve
        
        population
        
        self regulates
        
        carrying capacity (K)
    - - Exponential growth
        
        dN/dt=rN
      - Logistic growth
        
        dN/dt=rN((K-N)/k)=
        
        rN (1-NK)
    - - r-selected
        
        grow exponetially
        
        distributed areas
        
        weedy
        
        annuals
        
        Little defense
        
        small fruits
      - K- selected
        
        fluctuate carrying capacity
        
        fairly stable habitats
        
        perennials
        
        invest in defense
        
        Intensive fruits
  - - - limited resources
  - - - stress
        
        resource availability
        
        water
        
        Nutrients
        
        Light
        
        Growth Inhibitors
        
        temperature
        
        toxins
        
        Disturbance
        
        Biotic
        
        Herbivory
        
        Pathogens
        
        Anthropogenic
        
        Aibiotic
        
        Fire
        
        Wind
        
        3 life stages
        
        C- competitors
        
        S- stress
        
        R- ruderals
  - - - interacting species in a location
      - bound together
      - affecting factores
        
        abiotic enviornment
        
        Biotic interactions
        
        range of interactions
        
        Beneficial interactions +
        
        Negative interactions
        
        facilitations
        
        benefits both
        
        Mutualism
        
        pollination
        
        Commensalism
        
        Benefits 1
        
        Amensalism
        
        negative to one and natural to other
        
        Compitition
        
        both negatively impacted
        
        resource compition
        
        Predation
        
        Herbivory
        
        parasitism
    - - predator
        
        P
        
        Negative impact on prey
        
        positively impacted by prey
      - prey
        
        N
        
        Positive impact on predetor
        
        negatively impacted by predator
      - population size infucle each other
    - - r= growth rate
      - N= population size
      - K= carrying capacity
      - dN/dt = population change over time
      - Exponential growth
      - Logistic growth
    - - low predator prey= prey increase
      - more food= predator growth
      - predator increase= prey decline
      - Prey decline= high predator growth
    - - dN/dt= rN-aNP
        
        dN/dt= rate of change
        
        r= rate of increase for prey
        
        N=# of prey individuals
        
        a= predators per capita
        
        number of prey eaten per predator
        
        p= # of predator individuals
      - dP/dt=faNP-qP
        
        dP/dt=rate of change with time
        
        f= constant
        
        q=predators per capita morality rate
- - - - alleles make up gene pool
      - population is a group of individuals
    - - Allele frequency
      - Genotype frequency
    - - Number of copies in a population
      - Diveded by
      - Total alleles
    - - Number of individuals with particular genotype
      - divided by
      - Total of population
  - - - changes in a gene pool
      - factors
        
        Mutataion
        
        natural selection
        
        genetic drift
        
        Migration
        
        Nonrandom mating
    - - Change in 1 nucleic acids
      - apparent in phenotype
      - source of all new alleles
      - gametes inhereted
        
        male pollen sperm
        
        Female ovule egg
    - - plants "choose" their mates
      - Pollinator vectors
        
        pollination syndromes
      - some of individuals reproduce more than others
        
        based on idvidual phenotypes
    - - male-male compilation
        
        Excess of pollen grains
        
        pollen tubes can interfere
      - Female Choice
        
        Barriers on stigma surface
    - - alleles in and out
        
        Immigration
        
        into
        
        Emigration
        
        out of
        
        can be impeded by
        
        the enviornment
        
        life history
        
        Repercussions for
        
        GMO and climate change
        
        Speciation
    - - bottleneck from long distance dispersal
      - Followed by adaptive radiation
      - Hawaiian lobeliads
    - - one allele selectively advantageous
    - - Selection by humans
        
        increased trait
        
        eliminate traits
      - crop breeders for thousands of years
      - Brassica
  - - - 2 phenotypes
      - Dominant recessive systems
  - - - large population diminished
        
        Natural catastrophe
        
        Migration
      - may increase in size
  - - - steps
        
        find min and max
        
        number of bins
        
        count bin
        
        draw bars
    - - Death is not NS
      - Differential survival
      - survival due to phenotypes
        
        coded by genotype
- - - - partnered
      - Homologous chromosomes
      - resimblances
      - each from different parent
      - interactions determin genetics
    - - Metaphase 1
        
        random bivalents oreintation
      - metaphase 2
        
        sister chromatids orination random
      - general possibilities 2n
        
        Ex: human 46 chromosomes
    - - during prophase 1
      - Synaptonemal complex forms
      - Mixes genes in homologous chromosomes
      - New combinations
      - at least 1 chiasma
    - - each parent: new alleles combinations
      - Promotes heterozygosity
      - advantages
        
        genetic diversity
        
        Bet-hedging to novel enviornments
        
        Multiple deleterious
        
        escape host
      - pollination #
        
        cross pollination vs
        
        self pollination
  - - - Dominance
      - Segregation
      - Independent assortment
    - - not related
      - segregate independently
      - Dihybird cross
        
        3:1 Phenotypc ratio
  - - - one of 2 genes
      - other gene - no discernable effect
  - - - intimidate heterozygotye
      - snapdragons
        
        Red X White = Pink
    - - more than 2 allels
      - punnet square simillar
      - breeding dominance
      - complex alleles
    - - Changes in genetic makeup
      - point mutaion
        
        single nucleotide change
      - Chromosome mutaionn
        
        Deletion
        
        chronometer segments lost
        
        Duplication
        
        chromosome part X2
        
        Inversion
        
        piece rotates 180
        
        Translocation
        
        exchange parts
        
        Transposons
        
        movable genetic elemnt
        
        Jumping genes
      - No crossing over
        
        fail to mix allels
        
        parent inherited chromosome
        
        only 2 gamete types possible
      - polygenic inheritance
        
        Multiple genes for 1
        
        cumalitve result
        
        abscisic acid
        
        most traits
        
        continuous variation
        
        normal distribution
      - Linkage
        
        4 haploid
        
        no equal #s
        
        Recombo less
        
        parental more
      - Clarkia
        
        slefer
        
        Out crosser
        
        Large petals
        
        seasonal drought
        
        flower late
        
        Physiologically tolerant
        
        small petals
        
        flower early
        
        seasonal drought
        
        Physiologically escape
      - Pleiotropy
        
        single gene
        
        influence traits
        
        awn of wheat
      - Polyploidy
        
        Having more than 2 (2n)
        
        Autopolyploid
        
        failed meiosis
        
        self fertilization
        
        Allopolyploid
        
        meiotic error
        
        Mismatch during mating
        
        2nd mating matched pairs
      - Polyploid
        
        Wheat
        
        sequential hybrid
        
        originally 14 chromosomes
        
        Durum wheat
        
        28 chrmosomes
        
        tetraploid
        
        pasta
        
        Bread wheat
        
        42 chromosomes
        
        Hexaploid
        
        Gluten for lofty bread
        
        EX
        
        chemically induced
        
        prevent microtubule
        
        meiosis
        
        Starwberry
        
        Diploid gametes
        
        result 4n
      - Evolutionary sig
        
        Polyploid mask
        
        relax selection pressure
        
        accumulate mutations #
        
        ancient duplications
        
        common ancestor of seed plants
        
        Common ancestor extant angiosperms
    - - one gene interacts with another
      - may interfere
      - petal color